Wastewater contains heavy metals that cause serious environmental problems. Hence, in the environmental studies, it is important to know the adsorption process of the contaminants in porous media. This study used a continuous flow system which consisted of horizontal PVC pipes of 150 mm diameter and 6 m length. The system was designed and installed in the Environmental Hydraulic
As alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials, biodegradable polymers, such as polycaprolactone has attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community due to a rapid growth of intensive interest in the global environment. Chalcone, hexadecylamine and tetradecylamine were used as one of the organic compounds to modify natural montmorillonite clay. The clay modification was carried out by stirring the clay particles in an aqueous solution of chalcone-montmorillonite, hexadecylamine-montmorillonite and tetradecylamine-montmorillonite increasing from 1.29 to 1.53, 1.59 and 1.79 nm, respectively. The modified clay was then used in the preparation of the polycaprolactone/epoxidized palm oil blend nanocomposites. They were prepared by incorporating 0.5-5% of chalcone-montmorillonite, hexadecylamine-montmorillonite and tetradecylaminemontmorillonite. The interaction of the modifier in the clay layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocomposites were synthesized by solution casting of the modified clay and a polycaprolactone/epoxidized palm oil blend at the weight ratio of 80/20, which had the highest increase in the tensile strength of the blend. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The results also showed higher thermal stability for nanocomposites compared to those of the polycaprolactone/ epoxidized palm oil blend.
New Nano-composite of biopolymers was prepared for this analysis. The natural bentonite clay group forms Na- Bentonite (Na- BTT), K- Bentonite (K- BTt), and Ca- Bentonite (Ca-Btt) has been modified by the addition of synthesized fatty amide (FACO), namely Corn oil (CO). To achieve the modification the clay particles was mixed thoroughly in an aqueous (FACO) solution which increases the separation of the clay layer from 1.25 to 2.75 nm of BTT, 1.17 to 1.34 nm of BTt and 1.14 to 1.31nm of Btt due to the action exchange capacity of Na- BTT which is much greater than the low cation exchange capacity of K- BTt and Ca-Btt, respectively. The improved Na- BTT was then used in the preparation of poly methyl butadiene (PMB) Nano-composite. The modifiers interaction in the clay layer is described by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A conventional approach was used to synthesize the Nano-composite, in which the modified clay (FACO- BTT) was melt mixed with PMB. To classify the Nano-composite XRD, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric have been used. The results of XRD and TEM confirmed Nano-composite growth. In contrast to pure PMB, PMB modified BTT Nano-composite showed higher thermal stability. The use of FACO as a vegetable oil derivative to modify clay would minimize reliance on petroleum based surfactants. Moreover, such Nano-composites are considered environmentally friendly in addition to being renewable resources.
A set of high-copper amalgam alloys have been prepared based on the change in the ratio of copper to silver using elemental components of high purity 99.9%. The amalgamation processes were done by mixing alloy powders with mercury at a fixed ratio. Structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction and Optical Microscopy. Also, microhardness, and compressive strength were used to study some other important mechanical properties. The prepared amalgams were compared with well-known commercial amalgams; ANA 2000 and Standalloy F. The results of X-ray diffraction showed several prime phases in alloys and amalgams whose proportions and distribution depended on the copper content in the alloy. The results of mechanical test measurements showed a linear increase in the mechanical properties with increasing copper content in the amalgams. The results were similar to the measured values of the commercial amalgam.
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