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Natural rubber (NR) containing graphene (GE) and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared by latex mixing. The in situ chemically reduction process in the latex was used to realize the conversion of GO to GE. A noticeable enhancement in tensile strength was achieved for both GO and GE filled NR systems, but GE has a better reinforcing effect than GO. The strain-induced crystallization was evaluated by synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Increased crystallinity and special strain amplification effects were observed with the addition of GE. The incorporation of GE produces a faster strain-induced crystallization rate and a higher crystallinity compared to GO. The entanglement-bound tube model was used to characterize the chain network structure of composites. It was found that the contribution of entanglement to the conformational constraint increases and the network molecular parameters changes with the addition of GE and GO, while GE has a more evident effect than GO.

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Nano and colloidal particles (1–1000 nm) play important roles in phosphorus (P) migration and loss from agricultural soils; however, little is known about their relative distribution in arable crop soils under varying agricultural geolandscapes at the regional scale. Surface soils (0–20 cm depth) were collected from 15 agricultural fields, including two sites with different carbon input strategies, in Zhejiang Province, China, and water-dispersible nanocolloids (0.6–25 nm), fine colloids (25–160 nm), and medium colloids (160–500 nm) were separated and analyzed using the asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation technique. Three levels of fine-colloidal P content (3583–6142, 859–2612, and 514–653 μg kg–1) were identified at the regional scale. The nanocolloidal fraction correlated with organic carbon (Corg) and calcium (Ca), and the fine colloidal fraction with Corg, silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe). Significant linear relationships existed between colloidal P and Corg, Si, Al, Fe, and Ca and for nanocolloidal P with Ca. The organic carbon controlled colloidal P saturation, which in turn affected the P carrier ability of colloids. Field-scale organic carbon inputs did not change the overall morphological trends in size fractions of water-dispersible colloids. However, they significantly affected the peak concentration in each of the nano-, fine-, and medium-colloidal P fractions. Application of chemical fertilizer with carbon-based solid manure and/or modified biochar reduced the soil nano-, fine-, and medium-colloidal P content by 30–40%; however,the application of chemical fertilizer with biogas slurry boosted colloidal P formation. This study provides a deep and novel understanding of the forms and composition of colloidal P in agricultural soils and highlights their spatial regulation by soil characteristics and carbon inputs.

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