The seismic performance of engineering wood encased concrete-steel (EWECS) beam-column joints is investigated and reported within this paper. Experimental and analytical investigation was carried out on a total of two interior and two exterior beam-column joints. These four beam-column joints typically consisted of an EWECS column and a wood encased steel beam. The primary parameter was the failure modes of the specimens, namely the beam flexural failure and the joint shear failure. The response of the specimens was presented in terms of their hysterisis loop behavior, crack pattern, joint shear distortion, and deformation decomposition ratios. In addition, the results obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finiteelement analysis simulating their seismic behaviors were also compared with the test data. The finite-element analysis incorporated both bond stress-slip relationship and crack interface interaction at the unbonded connection region. The analytical prediction of joint shear strength was satisfactory for both interior and exterior joints. This validated numerical model was subsequently used to examine the contributions of the steel frame mechanism formed by the column flange, column web, and stiffener.
The issue of border security had drawn much attention for being an important part of a country's national security and sovereignty, in addition to its dynamic and complex nature. Indonesia as an archipelagic country faces many problems and challenges in its maritime border areas, in addition to the problems of unresolved state borders with its neighboring countries. Indonesia also faces various trans-boundary crime actions near the maritime border areas. This study aimed at developing a conceptual framework of maritime border security and explaining the challenges of maritime border security. This study applied the qualitative approach by focusing on secondary data. The secondary data were obtained by means of analyses of documents, books, journals, magazines, bulletins and newspaper, including internet sources that were relevant with this study. The findings of this study show that Indonesia faced dynamic and complex problems of maritime border security, not only the problems of unsettled borders with several neighboring countries, but also many transboundary criminal activities in its maritime border areas. The problems of overlapping regulations and institutions added up to the problems to cope with the problems of maritime border security. This study recommends that the government of Indonesia needs to intensify the border diplomacy regarding the maritime borders with the neighboring countries in order to reach delimitation agreements of its maritime border. Further, the government of Indonesia should do immediate reorganization of regulations and institutions of maritime border security to handle all forms of trans-boundary crimes.
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