AIMTo characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants.METHODSSix outreach sessions were held in various community venues in the Greater Boston Area. Verbal consent was obtained from participants prior to starting each session. Each session included a pre-session questionnaire, followed by a teaching session, and then a post-session questionnaire. In person interpreters were present for translation during the teaching session and assistance for questionnaire completion when needed. The questions were developed based on the HBV clinical experience of physicians who serve largely immigrant populations. Questionnaires included Likert-type scale, open-ended, and true-false questions. All results were anonymous.RESULTSOne hundred and one people participated in this study. Participants were 30% male with ages ranging from 19 to 87 years. The study population included immigrants from 21 countries, as well as seven United States-born participants. The greatest numbers of participants were from Somalia (44%), Morocco (10%), and Cameroon (8%). Pre session questionnaires revealed that 42% of participants were unaware that HBV can cause cancer, and 50% were unaware that therapies for HBV exist. Our brief teaching intervention led to improved scores on post session questionnaires. For example, at baseline, 58% of participants responded correctly to the question “HBV infection can cause scarring of the liver and liver cancer”, whereas 79% of participants responded correctly after the teaching session (P = 0.01). Furthermore, the mean of total correct answers in the true or false portion of the questionnaire increased from 5.5 to 7.6 (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONA teaching session targeting Boston Immigrants at-risk for HBV helped improve scores on HBV knowledge questionnaires. Outreach may empower at-risk patients to pro-actively seek HBV care.
The dissymmetric compound C 21 H 17 N 3 O 2 S.0.5H 2 O obtained by a reaction of 1,2-diaminobenzene, potassium thiocyanate and benzoyl chloride in 1/1/2 ratio is characterized by elemental analyses, IR, and NMR spectroscopies. The structure is elucidated by X-ray diffraction technic. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a space group of I2. The asymmetric unit contains one hemihydrate organic molecule. The title thiourea derivative, features an almost planar, C 2 N 2 S (S1/N1/N2/C7/C8) moiety, with a maximum deviation from the least-squares plane of 0.0422 (3) Å. This moiety is flanked by a disubstituted and a monosubstituted phenyl rings. The dihedral angles between the thiourea and the monosubstituted phenyl ring and the thiourea and the central disubstituted phenyl ring are respectively 10.418 (7)° and 60.292 (2)°, indicating twist in the molecule. On the other arm, a phenyl ring supported by an amide function, which is linked to the central ring through the nitrogen atom, is present. The dihedral angle between this phenyl group and the central disubstituted phenyl is 76.862 (7)° showing that their mean planes are not coplanar. Intramolecular S(thiono)-H…O(water) hydrogen bonds which close in S(6) and S(7) rings consolidate the conformation. Intermolecular N(amido)-H…O(carbonyl) which form layers parallel to the ac plane stabilized the structure.
Carbonohydrazide was used for synthetizing a new dissymmetrical bis-substituted Schiff base 1-(2'-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-(1'-pyridylethylidene)carbonohydrazone (2). A mono substituted compound (1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)carbonohydrazide (1) was firstly prepared by condensation reaction of carbonohydrazide and 2-acetylpyridine in 1:1 ratio. Secondly, compound 2 was obtained by condensation reaction of compound 1 and salicylaldehyde in 1:1 ratio. The prepared compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques, and the structure of compound 2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The compound 2 (C15H15N5O2) crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the following unit cell parameters: a = 8.3683(3) Å, b = 13.9986(4) Å, c = 12.1610(4) Å, β = 97.512(3)°, V = 1412.37(8) Å3, Z = 4, T = 100(2) K, μ(MoKα) = 0.098 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.398 g/cm3, 6057 reflections measured (5.708° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 54.962°), 6057 unique (Rsigma = 0.0395) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0474 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1971 (all data). The oxygen atom O1 and the azomethine nitrogen atom N5 adopt cis-configuration relative to the C8-N4 bond, while O1 adopts trans-configuration with the azomethine nitrogen atom N2 relative to C8-N3 bond. The crystal packing of compound 2 is stabilized by intramolecular O(phenol)–H···N(carbohydrazide) and intermolecular N (carbohydrazide)–H···O (carbo-hydrazide) hydrogen bonds which form layers parallel to [010] axis. Additional C–H···O hydrogen bond consolidate the structure. The carbonohydrazide moiety C=N–N–C(O)–N–N=C fragment and the phenyl ring are almost coplanar; with an angle of 1.73(1)° between their means plans. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the phenyl and the pyridine rings is 22.267(2)°.
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