Background: Many modifiable risk factors have been linked to the etiology of the increased renal disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the consequences of arbitrary herbal and analgesics on renal function in a series of Saudi patients. Methodology: This study investigated 2944 Saudi volunteers who have joined during a cross-sectional survey conducted in Hai'l region. Renal function status was established corresponding to Glomerular infiltrating Rate (GFR) estimation using creatinine level, age, and sex. GFR was categorized into: Stage III CKD (GFR = <60 -30 mL/min). Stage IV (GFR = <30 -15 mL/min). Stage V (GFR = <15 mL/min). Results: Around 14.4% of participants claimed using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Of the 391 analgesics users, about 12.8% were found with impaired renal function. The risk of analgesics uses in deteriorating renal function, the relative risk (RR) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI), RR (95%CI) = 1.7926 (1.3313 to 2.4137), P = 0.0001. Out of the 426/2714(15.7%) herbal users, 45/426(10.6%) were found with impaired renal function. The risk of herbal uses in deteriorating renal function, the RR (95%CI) = 1.3659 (1.0366 to 1.7999), P = 0.0268. Conclusion: Significant Reverse associations between arbitrary herbal use as well as, frequent NSAIDs renal function. The frequent use of Arbitrary herbal and NSAIDs is common among the Saudi Community, particularly among women.
Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the role of molecular DNA, DNA Phenotyping and Polymerase Chain Reaction in samples relevant to genetic investigation. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a macromolecule which has propelled our capacity of understanding the function of an organism at the cellular level, how organism reproduce and replicate, and pass their subjective genetic information from one generation to the other. DNA is also referred to as the genetic “Blueprint” of an organism and found to possess all information pertaining to the specific being. Nuclear DNA is present within the nucleus and is significant in developing immunity for the cell and depends on the information incorporated within its framework. Mitochondrial DNA exists in varying locations in frequencies of two to ten copies within mitochondria. The most familiar body fluids come across in molecular medicine laboratories is blood, semen and saliva and further more are vaginal fluids, urine and sweat. Bones, teeth, soft tissues etc. are also essential biomarkers for DNA-phenotyping. Methodology: The methods for research for this particular study is to demonstrate a review of relevant literature to examine the molecular genetics and the application of genome and DNA-amplification into molecular medicine investigations. To conduct a literature review a qualitative research design is the most suitable research design. It provides the rationale for assessing the human behaviour and assists to legalize and authenticate the data which is selectively collected from the secondary sources. Results: Every individual’s DNA consists of minor alterations a change in these restriction places would result in different profile of restriction fragments. Genome wide population substructure is large enough to determine ancestry with large number of Autosomal SNPs at the level of continental resolutions. Conclusion: The advances in human genomics and molecular genetics have provided success and advances by determining the cellular origin and estimating the age of sample and disposition time. The Phenotypical characteristics like hair and eye color demonstration in criminal cases has yielded better inferences however, DNA phenotyping illustrates a limited approach wherein incorporated into biological material analysis. The accuracy of DNA technology is incredibly useful for professionals like lawyers, anthropologists, homicide detectives etc. in the field of molecular medicines and is expected to improve in years to come. Key Words; Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) , Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and Short Tardem Repeat (STR)
Background: The side effects of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) vary greatly between women, and different HCs cause distinct side effects. This study aimed to assess the rife of self-confessed disorders associated with hormonal contraceptives. Methodology: The study enrolled 200 ladies of reproductive age. One hundred women were HCs users (ascertained as cases) and 100 women non-contraceptives users (ascertained as a control group). Results: Irregular menstrual cycles were observed in 29% of the cases and 28% of the controls. In 21% of cases, the duration of menstruation recycling was unpredictable, compared to 26% in controls. Hormonal abnormalities were more common among controls than among cases. The hormonal associated problems in controls were: OR (95%CI) = 2.5550(1.1753 to 5.5545), P-value = 0.0179. The risk of recurrent infection among control group was OR (95%CI) = 1.5952 (0.8984 to 2.8326), P = 0.1109. Conclusion: The current study revealed no statistically significant differences in hormonal contraceptive-related illnesses between HCs users and non-users.
Background: The growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been accelerated in recent decades as a result of antibiotic abuse and misuse. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the misuse of pediatric antibiotics in Northern Saudi Arabia concerning upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and diarrhea. Methodology: Between May and August 2022, 400 residents of Hail, Northern Saudi Arabia, participated in this community-based descriptive survey. Independent of their age, social position, educational attainment, or monthly income, the participants were picked at random. Results: Approximately 56.7% of fathers and 63% of mothers had engaged in antibiotic abuse. Most frequently, age between 35 and 45 years was implicated in antibiotic overuse 41.6%, followed by age between 25 and 35 years 36%. University graduates made up the majority of antibiotic misusers 63.7%, whereas those with secondary and primary educations made up 28.7% and 7.6%, respectively. Conclusion: In Northern Saudi Arabia, overuse of antibiotics is common, particularly among fathers' parents. Community-based educational initiatives on antibiotic abuse are necessary for addition to wristband laws to minimize antibiotic overuse in Northern Saudi Arabia.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of HCV in children presented with thalassemia major. Study Design: Retrospective/Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Islamic international medical college Riphah university, From March, 2021 to August, 2021 Methods: There were 72 children with ages 3-15 years were presented in this study. Age, gender, and weight were tallied after informed written permission was obtained from each participant. Both the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based fast immunochromatographic technique and the chemiluminescence assay utilizing the Abbott method were used in order to test the blood samples of all thalassemia patients for the presence of antibodies against HCV.SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: Among 72 cases, majority of the children were males 40 (55.6%) and 32 (44.4%) cases were females. Mean age of the patients was 11.14+7.49 years and had mean weight 30.6+3.31 kg. Majority of the cases were from urban areas. Frequency of HCV was found among 26 (36.1%) cases in which majority of the cases were males 16 and 10 cases were females. Among 26 cases of HCV positive, blood transfusion, dental procedures and ear piercing was the most common cause found. Conclusion: In this study we concluded that the frequency of HCV among major thalassemia patients were higher found in 36.1% cases and majority were males. Among HCV patients dental procedures and ear piercing among females were the most common causes. Keywords: HCV, Thalassemia major, Children, Dental procedures
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