Background Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated disorder that causes inflammation of interstitial lung, bronchioles, and alveoli. Although corticosteroids have been used as first line treatment for HP for many years, it does not provide satisfactory results in all patients. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of oral methylprednisolone on different radiological patterns of HP to identify the most adequate candidates for corticosteroids. Patients and Methods Fifty-three patients with confirmed diagnosis of HP were divided into two groups according to their radiological patterns based on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings. The first group included 21 patients with fibrotic HP (fHP), the second group included 32 patients without fibrosis; non-fibrotic HP patients (nfHP). The second group is divided into 3 subgroups: mosaic, attenuation, centrilobular nodules and finally, ground-glass opacities. All patients were administered methylprednisolone by dose 0.5mg/kg/day for eight consecutive weeks. HRCT was performed at the beginning of the study. Spirometry, six-minute walk and oximetry were performed periodically to assess the patients’ progress. Results Upon finalizing the treatment process, a significant improvement was noticed in FEV1 ( p < 0.001), FVC ( p <0.001), six-minute walk test ( p =0.001) and oximetry ( p <0.05) in nfHP compared to the fHP patients. However, there was a significant improvement in ( p <0.01), FVC ( p <0.01), oximetry ( p <0.01) and six-minute walk test ( p <0.01) in fibrotic patients after receiving the treatment. There was no significant difference in the response of FEV1 ( p =0.82), FVC ( p =0.15), six-minute walk test ( p =0.36) and oximetry ( p =0.27) among the subgroups of nfHP patients. Conclusion It was accordingly concluded that corticosteroid treatment is more effective in treatment of nfHP than fHP patients but still has effect on fibrotic patients. There is no significant difference in the response to corticosteroids among nfHP patients’ subgroups.
Obesity is a global concern, closely allied with somatic and psychosomatic disorders. Herbal drugs are available in modern medicine to treat obesity. Garcinia camobogia being used by so many people trying to lose weight produces various systemic side effects. The study was conducted to assess its effect on anxiety, sociability, and dopamine turnover in male mice. Twenty-one male Swiss albino mice of either were divided into three groups with seven mice in each group. Control group was given distilled water (0.5 ml p.o.) and the other two groups received Garcinia cambogia extract at two different doses, a low and a higher dose (100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. p.o.) Each animal received a single oral dose daily, which was administered using an oral gavage for fourteen consecutive days. Effect of test drugs on anxiety was evaluated using open field test. Sociability and social novelty were evaluated using three chambers test. Results (mean ± SD) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test. Garcinia cambogia extract significantly increased the time spent in the corners in the open field test, significantly reduced sociability and social novelty in the three-chamber test, significantly reduced dopamine turnover in the brain with a significant decrease in dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) and increased D2 receptor expression in ventral tegmental area. Garcinia cambogia extract have significant anxiogenic effect along with reduced sociability and social novelty in male mice. Moreover, these effects could be related to the altered dopamine turnover and D2 receptor expression in mice brain. Article Highlights Chronic used of alcoholic extract of Garcinia campbogia lead to a significant increase in anxiety that was manifested by the reduced time in the center zone and increased immobility in the open field test. Garcinia camobogia chronic administration has a profound impact on sociability and social novelty with a significant decrease in both behavioral patterns compared to the control group. These effects could be attributed to the noticed change in the dopamine turnover in the brain with a significant decrease in dopamine metabolite (HVA) and an upward expression of D2 receptors in return.
Background: Obesity is a global concern, closely allied with somatic and psychosomatic disorders. Herbal drugs are available in modern medicine to treat obesity. Garcinia camobogia being used by so many people trying to lose weight produces various systemic side effects. The study was conducted to assess its effect on anxiety, sociability, and dopamine turnover in male mice. Methodology: Male Swiss albino mice of either were divided into three groups with seven mice in each group. Different groups were given distilled water (0.5ml p.o.) and Garcinia cambogia extract at two different doses (100mg/kg and 500 mg/kg p.o.). Effect of test drugs on anxiety was evaluated using open field test. Sociability and social novelty were evaluated using three chambers test. Results (mean ± standard deviation) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test. Result: Garcinia cambogia extract significantly increased the time spent in the corners in the open field test, significantly reduced sociability and social novelty in the three chamber test, significantly reduced dopamine turnover and increased D2 receptor expression in ventral tegmental area. Conclusion: Garcinia cambogia extract have significant anxiogenic effect along with reduced sociability and social novelty in male mice. Moreover, these effects could be related to the altered dopamine turnover and D2 receptor expression in mice brain.
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