In this study, bioactive compounds, oil, sugar, fatty acid, and mineral contents of grape wastes (pomace, skin, and seeds) obtained from wine, grape juice, and boilled grape juice production were investigated. Total phenol and tannin contents of grape by‐products varied between 31.2 mgGAE/g (molasses skin) and 98.97 mgGAE/g (wine seed); 96.93 mgTAE/g (grape juice pomace) and 138.67 mgTAE/g (molasses pomace), respectively. The highest (377.57 g/kg) and lowest (20.00 g/kg) total sugars were determined in molasses and wine skin wastes, respectively. Epicatechin contents of samples were found between 439.67 mg/kg (molasses skin) and 3,444.57 mg/kg (molasses seed). The lowest and highest linoleic acids were determined in molasses skin oil (40.00%) and grape juice skin oil (51.10%). α‐Tocopherol contents of wine by‐product oils changed between 3.35 mg/kg (seed) and 6.42 mg/kg (pomace). The lowest and highest P contents were determined in molasses skin (17,563 mg/kg) and wine seed (29,634 mg/kg), respectively. Practical applications The residue may represent from 13.5 to 14.5% at the total volume of grapes, and may reach 20%. The most abundant phenolic compound in wine pomace is anthocyanins concentrated in the skin, and flavonols present mostly in the grape seed (56–65% total flavonol). Grape is a phenol‐rich plant, and these phenolics are mainly distributed in the skin, stem, leaf, and seed of grape, rather than their juicy middle sections. Skins and seeds of grapes are produced in large quantities by the winemaking industry. These by‐products have become valuable raw materials due to their high content of polyphenols, tocols, and other macro‐ and micronutrients. Seed and skins of grape produced in large quantities by the wine making industry have become valuable raw materials for extraction of polyphenols.

Boron (B) is an important micronutrient required for the normal growth and development of plants. However, its excess in the soil causes severe damage to plant tissues, which affects the final yield. Wheat, one of the main staple crops, has been reported to be largely affected by B toxicity stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The prevalence of B toxicity stress can be addressed by utilizing wild wheat genotypes with a variant level of stress tolerance. Wild wheat relatives have been identified as a prominent source of several abiotic stress-tolerant genes. However, Aegilops species in the tertiary gene pool of wheat have not been well exploited as a source of B toxicity tolerance. This study explores the root and shoot growth, proline induction, and extent of lipid peroxidation in 19 Aegilops accessions comprising 6 different species and the B-tolerant check wheat cultivar Bolal 2973 grown under Control (3.1 μM B), toxic (1 mM B), and highly toxic (10 mM B) B stress treatment. B toxicity stress had a more decisive impact on growth parameters as compared to the malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content. The obtained results suggested that even the genotypes with high shoot B (SB) accumulation can be tolerant to B toxicity stress, and the mechanism of B redistribution in leaves should be studied in detail. It has been proposed that the studied Aegilops accessions can be potentially used for genetically improving the B toxicity-tolerance trait due to a high level of variation in the response toward high B toxicity. Though a number of accessions showed suppression in the root and shoot growth, very few accessions with stress adaptive plasticity to B toxicity stress leading to an improvement of shoot growth parameters could be determined. The two accessions, Aegilops biuncialis accession TGB 026219 and Aegilops columnaris accession TGB 000107, were identified as the potential genotypes with B toxicity stress tolerance and can be utilized for developing a pre-breeding material in B tolerance-based breeding programs.

Emerging research in cancer immunotherapies has pointed toward the need for companion therapies that lead to immunogenic cell death. Photothermal therapy (PTT) can not only cause cancer cell death but also cause the release of tumorspecific antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which act as adjuvants. In this work, conductive polymer nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were studied as PTT agents and their ability to mediate immunogenic cell death was investigated. The spherical, ∼40 nm NPs presented strong absorption of light between 700 and 900 nm. Their chemical composition was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis, while their amorphous morphology was confirmed by Xray diffraction. NP internalization into MDA-MB-231 cells was observed within 4 h of incubation. At 500 μg/mL, the NPs were found to cause an increase in temperature of about 32 °C from the baseline upon irradiation with an 808 nm laser. This temperature increase proved to be sufficient to cause cell death after 5−15 min of laser irradiation at 3 W/cm 2 . Cell death upon NP-mediated PTT occurred mainly through apoptosis after 1.5, 6, and 12 h of exposure of the cells to the NPs, while longer exposure periods led primarily to cell necrosis. Our studies also demonstrate that PEDOT NP-mediated PTT induced presentation of DAMPs. Specifically, increased calreticulin translocation to the cell membrane, increased surface HMGB1 expression on nonpermeabilized cells, increased cytosolic HMGB1 presence in permeabilized cells, and decreased internal ATP were observed in cells that were exposed to increased thermal doses. The highest DAMP presentation levels were observed in cells treated with 500 μg/mL PEDOT NPs and irradiated for 5 and 15 min, which resulted in a maximum cell temperature of 65−68 °C. PTT with PEDOT NPs enable specific eradication of cancer cells via immunogenic cell death, thereby showing potential as agents for modulation of tumor immunogenicity.

Background/purpose: It is important to understand how storage conditions affect the tooth structure for in vitro studies. There is little information regarding the selection of an appropriate storage solution. This study was conducted to determine the influence of storage solutions on the mineral contents of dentin. Materials and methods: Ninety dentin specimens were obtained from 30 molar teeth. Specimens were divided into two groups of 45 each (storage for 45 and 90 days). Each of the two groups was further divided into nine storage solution groups (n Z 5). For the control group, freezing was used to store the teeth. The mean percentage weights of calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus in each dentin slab were measured by inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test were used to analyze the data (P Z 0.05). Results: There were significant differences in calcium among groups. The potassium level of slabs stored in artificial saliva and the sodium level of slabs stored in buffered solutions and saline solution increased (P < 0.05). Potassium, sodium, and phosphorus levels were highest when stored for 45 days (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The storage solution and storage time affected the compositional structure of dentin. The results suggest that storage processes may influence outcomes of in vitro dental research.