COVID-19 has affected all peoples' lives. Though COVID-19 is on the rising, the existence of misinformation about the virus also grows in parallel. Additionally, the spread of misinformation has created confusion among people, caused disturbances in society, and even led to deaths. Social media is central to our daily lives. The Internet has become a significant source of knowledge. Owing to the widespread damage caused by fake news, it is important to build computerized systems to detect fake news. The paper proposes an updated deep neural network for identification of false news. The deep learning techniques are The Modified-LSTM (one to three layers) and The Modified GRU (one to three layers).In particular, we carry out investigations of a large dataset of tweets passing on data with respect to COVID-19. In our study, we separate the dubious claims into two categories: true and false. We compare the performance of the various algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy. The six machine learning techniques are decision trees, logistic regression, k nearest neighbors, random forests, support vector machines, and naïve Bayes (NB). The parameters of deep learning techniques are optimized using Keras-tuner. Four Benchmark datasets were used. Two feature extraction methods were used (TF-ID with N-gram) to extract essential features from the four benchmark datasets for the baseline machine learning model and word embedding feature extraction method for the proposed deep neural network methods. The results obtained with the proposed framework reveal high accuracy in detecting Fake and non-Fake tweets containing COVID-19 information. These results demonstrate significant improvement as compared to the existing state of art results of baseline machine learning models. In our approach, we classify the data into two categories: fake or nonfake. We compare the execution of the proposed approaches with Six machine learning procedures. The six machine learning procedures are Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naive Bayes (NB). The parameters of deep learning techniques are optimized using Keras-tuner. Four Benchmark datasets were used. Two feature extraction methods were used (TF-ID with N-gram) to extract essential features from the four benchmark datasets for the baseline machine learning model and word embedding feature extraction method for the proposed deep neural network methods. The results obtained with the proposed framework reveal high accuracy in detecting Fake and non-Fake tweets containing COVID-19 information. These results demonstrate significant improvement as compared to the existing state of art results of baseline machine learning models.
The elephant herding optimization (EHO) algorithm is a relatively novel population-based optimization technique, which mimics herding behavior and can be modeled into two operators: clan updating operators and separating operators. Also, in the literature, EHO has received a great deal of attention from researchers since it was proposed applied to many application fields for its advantages of excellent global optimization ability and ease of implementation. However, there is still an insufficiency in the EHO algorithm regarding its lack of exploitation, which leads to slow convergence. In this paper, we propose three enhanced versions of EHO based on the γ value termed EEHO15, EEHO20, and EEHO25 to overcome the problems of fast unjustified convergence toward the origin of the basic EHO. The exploration/exploitation abilities of the EEHO algorithms are achieved by the updating of the two operators (clan and separation operator). To tackle this drawback, a constant function is used as a benchmark for inspecting the biased convergence of evolutionary algorithms in general. Moreover, we utilize CEC'17 test suite benchmark functions to test the performance of the proposed three versions of EEHO against EHO, particle swarm optimization (PSO), bird swarm algorithm (BSA), and ant lion optimizer (ALO) algorithms. Eventually, the experimental results revealed that the proposed EEHO algorithms extremely obtained better results compared with other competitive algorithms.
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