Abstract:This paper first describes the educational system in Turkey an the two national examinations for advancing upper levels of schooling which give raise to the demand for private tutoring called "dersane" in Turkish. Second, the evolution of the Private tutoring Centers (PTC) are described and compared with the high schools in the country. Third, geographical distribution of the PTC, general high schools and the proportion of high school age population are compared over the provinces to give an idea about special equity issues.Other topics addressed include gender and PTC students, disruption of mainstream education, determinants of the demand for services of the PTCs, cost of PTCs and evidence on the effectiveness of PTCs.
This paper investigates the male wage inequality and its evolution over the 1994-2002 period in Turkey by estimating Mincerian wage equations using OLS and quantile regression techniques. Male wage inequality is high in Turkey. While it declined at the lower end of the wage distribution it increased at the top end of wage distribution. Education contributed to higher wage inequality through both within and between dimensions. The within-groups inequality increased and between-groups inequality decreased over the study period. The latter factor may have dominated the former contributing to the observed decline in the male wage inequality over the 1994-2002. Further results are provided for the wage effects of experience, cohort effects, public sector employment, geographic location, firm size, industry of employment and their contribution to wage inequality. Recent increases in FDI inflows, openness to trade and global technological developments are discussed as contributing factors to the recent rising within-groups wage inequality. * This article is based on a chapter of Fatma Bircan's Ph.D. thesis (Bircan, 2005) prepared under the supervision of Aysit Tansel at the Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University. Fatma Bircan would like to thank Hakan Ercan, Burak Günalp, Yusuf Ziya Özcan, and Fikret Şenses for their helpful comments on her Ph. D. thesis. We would like to thank Ömer Demir, the former president of Turkish Statistical Institute and Murat Karakaş, chief of Income and Expenditure Statistics, and his staff Özlem Sarıca and Sema Alıcı for their kind help in obtaining and processing the data. This paper is presented at the ESPE conference, 22-24 June, 2006 in Verona, Italy. We would like to thank participants of this conference, Tuncer Bulutay, Murat G. Kırdar and Semih Tümen for their helpful comments.education by quantile regression include Mwabu and Schultz (1996) in South Africa, Girma and Kedir (2003) in Ethiopia and Falaris (2008) in Panama.This paper studies the male wage inequality and its evolution from 1994 to 2002 in Turkey 1 . This is the first analysis of male wage inequality in Turkey. We estimate Mincerian wage equations for male wage earners by OLS and quantile regression techniques using 1994 and 2002 survey results. Special attention is paid to the connection between education and wage inequality. Main findings include the following. Male wage inequality in Turkey is high. Although the overall male wage inequality exhibited a small decline over the period of 1994-2002, a closer examination indicates that wage inequality declined at the lower end of the wage distribution and increased at the top end of wage distribution. Education had a positive impact on within-groups and between-groups inequality with the largest contribution by university education in both 1994 and 2002. Within-groups wage inequality increased however, the between-groups inequality decreased over the study period.The latter effect may have dominated the former contributing to the observed decline in ma...
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