Aim of the work-This study aimed to determine the ameliorative effect of silymarin (SIL) and vitamin E (Vit.E) against changes induced by mobile phone radiation in the liver of male albino rats. Matrerial and methods-Total of 48 adult male albino rats were assigned for this study. The 1 st group served as control (n=6); the 2 nd group exposed to mobile phone generator radiation (900MHz) for 2hr/day 3days/week for two months, 3 rd group (+ve control) supplemented with SIL, 4 th group (+ve control) supplemented with Vit.E, 5 th group (+ve control) supplemented with SIL and Vit.E, 6 th group: exposed group supplemented with SIL, 7 th group : exposed group supplemented with Vit.E and 8 th group exposed group supplemented with SIL and Vit.E.Physiological , histopathological and histochemical changes were studied.Results-Exposure to mobile phone causes reduction in RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC. However, WBCs count, platelets count, lymphocytes % and neutrophil %were increased.Also, there were increases in liver enzyme activities ALAT, ASAT and ALP in serum and liver tissue significantly and increased oxidative stress markers (MDA and H 2 O 2).While, antioxidants (CAT and GSH) were decreased in serum and liver tissue. Numerous histopathological changes were detected in the liver tissue of rats of the irradiated group with altered collagen fibres, polysaccharides and total protein in hepatocytes of the central and portal areas of the liver tissue in the exposed group These changes manifested good amelioration in the exposed groups that supplemented with SIL and/or Vit.E. Conclusion-Treatment of rats with SIL and/or Vit.E ameliorated the dangerous effect of mobile phone radiation.

The pandemic flu (2009) is a global outbreak of a new strain of H1N1 influenza virus that referred as "swine flu". The 2009 flu pandemic vaccines (H1N1 vaccines) are the biological preparation of influenza vaccines that have been developed to protect and improve immunity against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. Squalene has been added to vaccine as immunologic adjuvant to stimulate the immune system, increase the response to the vaccine and reduce amount of usage vaccine. Thimerosal has been added to some vaccines as a preservative because it is effective in preventing bacterial contamination, particularly in multidose containers. To investigate the possible immunological effects of swine flu vaccine, Albino rats were injected with H1N1 antigen contained thimerosal, adjuvant and H1N1 vaccine. Results obtained in the present study showed that squalene and thimerosal contributed to the regiment of adverse reactions and symptoms, which act as detergents instead of its helper role of vaccine that undergone toxicity effectors in the biological pathways including; immunopathological and histopathological effects; the damage was done by vaccine, particularly when potentiated by powerful "immunoenhancers" caused a strong immunostimulation that emphasized by results of this research as well as its biological hazards which are more pronounced when act together as whole vaccine than they act individually so the adverse events that resulted from treatment with squalene-adjuvanted vaccine are more potent than those of either antigen or squalene-treated groups.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been traditionally used as a flavor enhancer and is added to many foods. The chronic consumption of MSG has been suggested as causing toxicity, inflammation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and pre‐malignant changes. The use of medicinal plants and their products, such as ginger, against the effects of MSG has been suggested to have a protective effect. To evaluate the anti‐inflammatory activity of ginger against the effects of MSG, we conducted a serial inflammatory analysis of MSG‐ and ginger‐treated rats, focusing particularly on liver pathology. The consumption of ginger as an unconventional therapy against the effects of MSG resulted in significant anti‐inflammatory activity. We found that it was possible to diagnose MSG‐associated inflammatory pathogenesis using inflammatory mediators. Ginger consumption produced protective effects on health, minimized adverse effects, and may be applicable for food development and the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Practical applications The chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a flavor enhancer has been suggested to produce toxicity, inflammation, and pre‐malignant changes in organs. Ginger has protective effects, with potent anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrotic activity against MSG administration. This study is the first to report that ginger modulated the inflammatory and fibrotic effects of MSG and improved immunological indices reflecting the involvement of inflammatory and fibrotic markers and polysaccharide content in the activation of macrophages. These findings support the further use of ginger as a supplement for food enhancement and as an anti‐fibrotic, anti‐inflammatory, and therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical therapies against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis, as well as MSG‐associated inflammatory diseases.

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This work aimed to study the biochemical, histopathological and histochemical changes in the testes of male albino rats post exposure to 4 Gy of gamma radiation and the possible radioprotective role of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA). Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green microalgal species which has antioxidant properties. The current experiment was carried out on 48 adult male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Rats were randomly and equally categorized into four groups: 1) Group C: control rats left without treatment; 2) Group R: rats were exposed to 4Gy of gamma-radiation as a single dose; 3) Group AFA: rats were terated orally with 94.5mg/kg body weight/ day AFA for 3 weeks and 4) Group AFA+R: rats were administrated AFA for a period of one week before and three weeks after irradiation. Results obtained in the present study showed that exposed rats showed a significant increase in MDA in the testes, but decreased testosterone level was detected versus the control. Many histopathological lesions were observed in the testes tissue such as disturbed spermatogenic layers with vacuolated spermatogenic cells, presence of polynucleated cells, absence of mature sperms, oedema in the interstitial spaces, congested testicular arteries with thickened, dilated and corrugated walls of them, they also contained hemolysed blood cells with highly reduced, atrophied and distorted Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces. Irradiated groups showed highly increased collagen fibres under the testicular capsule, basement membranes, Leydig cells and around the blood vessels with signs of fibrosis in the capsule and some seminiferous tubules. In addition, irradiated group induced a significant increase in amyloid βprotein, while a significant decrease in PAS+ve materials, total protein and total DNA content was detected. AFA administration ameliorated the damaging effects of testes of radiation exposed rats. Conclusion: according to the results obtained in the current study using Aphanizomenon flos-aquae as a natural agent showed a strong radioprotective role.

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