In a sewage system, congealed mass is created by mixing non-biodegradable solid matter with fat, oil and grease. Congealed mass might cause a sewer blockage and overflow. This issue may impose a risk to public health and environment. It also leads to increased operational and maintenance costs of sewer system. A robust and durable sensor system are required to monitor the sewer network blockage which could cause a fluctuation in the data. CCD tomography approach will be used to detect the congealed mass forming in sewer network at early stage. The main concept of CCD tomography approach is to analyze the structure and composition of congealed mass by examining the light intensity after penetrated. Therefore, the location and size of the sewer blockage can be predicted. Light reflection from the congealed mass will strikes onto CCD surfaces. This light source will be converted into an electrical signal which is in voltage output value. Filtered images of Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be applied to reconstruct the image and identify the characteristic of congealed mass either fat, oil or grease. The location and the size of the congealed mass forming also can be identified using this CCD tomography approach.
Due to its vast number of suitable applications, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has been one of the emerging and rapidly-developed technologies in modern life. Its applications can be integrated and deployed in numerous sectors, for instance the automobile, home appliances, medical and industrial sectors. This field has seen immense development and research taking place, including the architecture model, security, communications mode, control systems model and also signal processing. CPS plays an important role in Industrial Revolution 4.0, where it is an integration of urbane network with intelligent production or process system. CPS main objective is to control the global networks with high credibility of data secured. This paper is basically a review of the CPS architectures, characteristics and its applications in daily basis. This review paper discusses how CPS are implemented in various industries and how it improves the efficiency of a system or application. Additionally, security enhancements in certain aspects of CPS application will also be reviewed and addressed.
Several gemmology technologies, including loupes, microscopes, and dichroscopes, are currently utilised to assist gemstone traders in evaluating rubies. These tools, on the other hand, rely heavily on human vision for pictorial assessment. There are no standardized tools for determining ruby stone grading, other from those that rely on human vision, which can lead to errors. Gemmologists, stakeholders in the precious stone and manufacturing industries, as well as dental applications, would benefit from a standardized quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones. Extensive research is required to analyse the light characteristics of rubies. This paper presents a potential research overview of the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor to inspect the grading value of ruby stone based on its light characteristic. This research delves deeper into the relevant light properties of rubies for grading purposes. Numerous types of gemmological instruments are used for grading and appraising rubies, as well as their applications, are discussed in this paper. A standardized approach for quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones utilising a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor is offered due to the limits of current techniques and the strong demand for superior quality in the high-valued stone sectors.
Ruby is one of the most popular and high-value gemstones that always attract the gemologist and jeweler in the diamond market. The wide use of ruby in various industries makes the grading of this gems more complicated due to a lot of synthetic and imitation rubies are made. The current grading techniques are mostly depending on the human visual assessment which prone to errors. This paper proposes a system that helps in grading the clarity characteristic of the ruby in non-invasive manner. The system includes a charge-coupled devices (CCD) and laser that is designed in the most suitable and effective way to conduct inspection on the light intensity of the ruby which will then determine the clarity of the ruby. CCD linear sensor is widely known as the reliable sensor especially when use in the optical system. The CCD linear sensor capture the light intensity from the ruby and convert it into the voltage value. The result shows a value of 1.7918 V obtained from the CCD linear sensor when ruby is placed in the system. This concludes that the CCD system can detect even slightest changes in the light intensity that can pass through the ruby and falls on the CCD linear sensor. The system is proven to be a reliable and effective system with 80% accuracy.
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