Thirty six random healthy Oreochromusnilotica (O. niloticus) collected from Manzala Lake, wild Nile River "El-Ryiah El-Tawfiky", El-Abbasa private fish farm and Gesrbahr el-baar agricultural drainage (9 fish from each source). Concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) were investigated in both raw and grilled fish (dry heat treatment). Fish musculature samples were analysed for detection the effect of grilling on level of organochlorine pesticides residues. Examination revealed that, samples collected from El-Ryiah El-Tawfiki recorded the highest concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues in raw O. niloticus followed by Manazla Lake, El-Abbasa fish farm and Gesrbahr el-baar agricultural drain, respectively. Application of grilling revealed a great reduction in organochlorine pesticides residues concentrations by ratio of 11% to 100% depending upon the type of pesticide residue, its sensitivity to heat and locality of fish collection. In some cases thermal treatment showed unexpected results represented by appearance of some residues which not detected in raw samples. This study concluded that fish from some water resources in Egypt is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticide residues which greatly supposed to come from agricultural contaminated water. Moreover, grilling is a good and highly recommended method to reduce organochlorine residues with uneven degrees in fish muscles before consuming.

The present study was performed on 120 random samples of fresh chicken meat cuts of Drumstick, thigh and breast (40 of each) which were purchased from different supermarkets and retail chicken butchers at Kaliobia Governorate, for detection of virulence genes responsible for Staphylococcus. aureus enterotoxins production by using PCR.A total of 33 examined samples were positive for S.aureus counts represented as 13(32.5%) from drumstick samples; 11(27.5%) from thigh samples and 9(22.5%) from breast samples. The results revealed that 8 strains out of 10 random examined strains by SET-RPLA test were enterotoxigenic and classified according to type of toxin into (3A;1C,2D and 2A&C).Moreover, PCR results cleared that; sea gene was detected in 4 studied strains; seb gene in one strain and sec; sed and see genes were detected in 3 strains out of 10 studied strains.

The study was performed on 120 random samples of fresh chicken meat cuts of Drumstick, thigh and breast (40 of each) purchased from different supermarkets and retail chicken butchers in Kaliobia governorate to evaluate their bacterial contamination. The bacteriological examination revealed that the mean values of APC, Staphylococci aureus counts (cuf/g) in drumstick samples were 7.47×10 4 ±0.31 ×10 4 ; 2.31×10 3 ±0.11 ×10 3 & 0.26×10 3 ±0.07 ×10 3 , 6.51×10 4 ±0.30×10 4 ; 2.21×10 3 ±0.11×10 3 in thigh& 0.22×10 3 ±0.07×10 3 , and 6.13×10 4 ±0.32 ×10 4 ; 1.99×10 3 ±0.09 ×10 3 & 0.19×10 3 ±0.06×10 3 in breast samples, respectively. Coagulase positive aureus strains were isolated from the examined fresh chicken meat cuts represented as 32.5% in drumstick 27.5% in thigh and 22.5% in breast samples. The isolated strains were highly resistant for methicillin followed by oxacillin; ampicillin; cefotaxime and amoxicillin. Meanwhile, they were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin followed by enrofloxacin and gentamycin.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Salmonella species, E. coli and listeria species were isolated conventionally from ninety cold smoked fish (Herring, Clupea), from souk and markets in Menofiya province, Egypt. The Coliform Count was significantly higher (P <0 .05) in souk than markets with mean counts of 4.07± 0.23 and 3.13± 0.40 Log CFU/gm. The overall prevalence of Salmonella sp. was 2.2% (2/90), and all of them were detected from a souk samples, while E. coli isolates were 13.3% (12/90), but, Listeria spp. failed to be detected in tested samples. Conventionally, Salmonella spp. were phenotypically resistant to three, Cefozon, E-Moxclave, and Clindamycin, of 8 commonly used antibiotics in Egypt. Whilst, E.coli strain showed resistance to Cefozon, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Doxycycline, E-Moxclave, and Clindamycin. A multi-resistance was observed in one Salmonella strain, and in 83.3% (5/6) of tested E. coli strain. Further, the molecular results showed that all isolated salmonella (n=2) and E. coli (n=6) strains contained the beta-lactam resistance genes, blaTEM detected in the 8 isolates (100%). On the other hand, one of two salmonella isolates and two of six E. coli strain were positive for erm(B) (erythromycin ribosome methylase) genes. This study may be the first report on antimicrobial resistant Salmonella species, Escherichia coli and listeria species in cold smoked fish (Herring, Clupea) marketed in Egypt.

This study was conducted to evaluate the levels of heavy metals (lead , cadmium and copper)in cooked beef and chicken meat. The obtained results indicated that the mean values of lead concentration in the examined samples of boiled chicken thigh, boiled chicken breast, roasted chicken thigh, roasted chicken breast, boiled fore quarter beef and boiled hind quarter beef were 0.15± 0.01 , 0.12± 0.01 ,0.21± 0.02 ,0.16± 0.01 ,0.09± 0.01 and 0.13±0.01 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. While the mean values of cadmium concentration in the examined samples of boiled chicken thigh, boiled chicken breast, roasted chicken thigh, roasted chicken breast, boiled fore quarter beef and boiled hind quarter beef were 0.09± 0.01 , 0.06± 0.01 ,0.14± 0.01 ,0.10± 0.01 ,0.05± 0.01 and 0.08± 0.01 , respectively Furthermore, and that the mean values of copper concentration in the examined samples of boiled chicken thigh, boiled chicken breast, roasted chicken thigh, roasted chicken breast, boiled fore quarter beef and boiled hind quarter beef were 2.28± 0.35 , 1.47± 0.22 ,2.59± 0.46 ,2.06± 0.31 ,1.47± 0.19 and 1.60±0.23 mg/kg wet weight, respectively, The public health importance of the heavy metals and the recommended points were discussed.