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This study was designed to explore the incidence of blaOXA-1 amongst Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with resistant to carbapenem. Between December 2014 and April 2015, one hundred samples were taken from two hospitals: Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric / Babylon Province (clinical, umbilical infections, n= 40; environmental, n=20) and Karbala Hospital for Pediatric / Karbala Province (40 stool samples). All patients were hospitalized or attended these hospitals, all under 1 year of age. Seventeenth (17%) isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibiotic resistance profile of isolates was tested using disk diffusion method. High-level of resistance was recorded with ampicillin (94.1%) and piperacillin (88.2%) antibiotics. Resistance to carbapenem was reported in two K.pneumoniae isolates, these were investigated for the existence of OXA-1b-lactamase using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Two (100%) isolates gave positive result. Transference of this gene was studied by conjugation experiment. The blaOXA-1 gene conjugated successfully in 1 (50%) isolate only.

The current work suggested the occurrence of blaNDM-1 gene among Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from surface waters of the Al-Hillah River. Between January and April 2015, water samples (101) were taken from seven different area of the Al-Hillah River, Babylon province, Iraq. K.pneumoniae was reported in percentage of 35 (34.6%). The antibiotics susceptibility profile of K.pneumoniae was determined with disk diffusion assay. The most common resistance was detected for penicillins agents (ampicillin and cloxacillin) with 20(57.14%) and 17(48.57%) resistance rate, respectively. Two isolates of K.pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. Phenotypic screening of metallo β-lactamase detection was carried out using imipenem–EDTA double disk synergy test for carbapenem resistant isolates, 2(100%) isolates with positive result. Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test was used for detection NDM-1 beta-lactamase, 1 (50%) K.pneumoniae isolate harboring this gene.

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This study analyze the prevalence of bla CTX-M containing Klebsiella pneumoniae. During the period from October, 2017 to the end of January, 2018, a total of one hundred swab samples were collected from environment of Al-Hillah Teaching Hospital / Hillah city. Thirteen (13%) isolates were identified as K.pneumoniae. All K.pneumoniae isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Higher resistance rates were observed for penicillin antibiotics (ampicillin and cloxacillin) with resistance rate of (84.61%) and (69.23%), respectively. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was assayed phenotypically using disk combination method. Five (38%) isolates were screen-positive. Carbapenem resistance was detected in 2 isolates of K.pneumoniae, these were checked further by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method for the presence of bla CTX-M gene, 1 (50%) isolate gave positive result.

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Objective : Gram-negative bacteria with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) genes are of concern due to their susceptibility to multi-drug resistance. The goal of this research is to investigate the gene coding of resistance of ESBLs encoded by the VEB gene and GES gene to modern β-lactams. Method : seventy wound swabs were taken from diabetic foot ulcer patients in period from October (2019) to February (2020). The collected samples were cultured on different media agar to identify by morphological, biochemical tests and Vitek 2 system. To determine VEB gene and GES gene using the methodology of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the isolated bacteria. Result : a total of 50 Gram negative bacteria. The distribution of VEB gene was Proteus ssp. 7, Morganella morganii.ssp. 2, Klebsiella oxytoca 1, Acinetobacter baumannii 2. While the GES gene distribution was Escherichia coli 1, Proteus ssp 1, Morganella morganii. ssp 4, Acinetobacter baumannii 1. Conclusion : The VEB gene and GES gene plays an important role in the resistance to new β-lactams of ESBL-producing isolates.