Biomarker testing in patients with heart failure (HF) is rapidly expanding. With high-quality research indicating its diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, biomarkers are excellent adjuncts to manage patients with HF. Their superiority lies mainly in their reflection of ongoing pathophysiological events at a cellular level. Monitoring biomarker levels has been shown to provide incremental information on the progression of disease, thus allowing to better tailor treatment and management. Several biomarkers have gained attention in the past decade and continuing research demonstrates the specificity of each biomarker to be used on its own or in combination to improve diagnostic accuracy. This review will provide an insight into the role of such biomarkers, which are widely studied in the setting of HF so as to delineate their role in diagnosing, prognosticating, and titrating HF therapy.
Heart failure is a complex syndrome that has been a major contributor to readmissions into hospitals in the USA. Currently, a large number of medications are being used to treat the symptoms of the disease-digoxin, diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, β-blockers, and vasodilators. There is no doubt that the given pharmaceutical therapy has been effective in lowering hospital readmission rates and prolonging life in individual chronic heart failure patients. Despite this, admission rates following heart failure hospitalization remain high, resulting in a substantial financial strain on healthcare institutions. Clearly, there is much room for improvement in heart failure therapy and management in reducing readmission rates. In this review, we address the unmet needs in the current drug treatment of chronic heart failure and describe novel drug targets that are currently under investigation.
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