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Judged by quality and taste, the European sole (Solea solea) is considered one of the finest flatfish and is, thus, of considerable commercial value. In the present work, a specific fast real-time PCR was developed for the authentication of S. solea, i.e. to distinguish it from other related species and avoid substitution of this species, either deliberately or unintentionally. The method is based on a species-specific set of primers and MGB Taqman probe which amplifies a 116-bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) ribosomal DNA region. This assay combines the high specificity and sensitivity of real-time PCR with the rapidity of the fast mode, allowing the detection of S. solea in a short period of time. The present methodology was validated for application to all types of manufactured products for the presence of S. solea, with successful results. Subsequently, the method was applied to 40 commercial samples to determine whether correct labeling had been employed in the market. It was demonstrated that the assay is a useful tool in monitoring and verifying food labeling regulations.

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Eels are a taxonomic group with great commercial importance due to their huge steaks. They have very high demand, especially the young ones. There are high morphological similarity and diVerent market values between diVerent species. For these reasons arises the need to develop techniques that allow identifying as many species as possible. In this study, a DNA method based on DNA phylogenetic analysis of sequences (forensically informative nucleotide sequencing) has been developed. This method has been used to authenticate 12 eel species, including the most important to commercial level (Anguilla anguilla, A. rostrata, A. japonica, A. australis), by means of the ampliWcation of a 239-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. This method is useful to clarify questions related to the correct labeling of commercial products and to verify the traceability in commercial trade and for Wsheries control.