Field inspections indicate that corrosion damages steel bridge girders more at the ends as compared to the central region. Any significant loss of metal around the bearing region of the girder may cause an abrupt change of failure behavior and strength loss. The present numerical study is focused to evaluate the response of local corrosion damage at steel plate girder, with different end panels, that is, no end post, nonrigid, and rigid end post. Local corrosion damage was considered by reducing the bearings stiffener and adjacent web uniformly for a maximum damage depth of 100 mm with various corrosion damage levels (i.e., 75%, 50%, and 25%). The numerical analysis was performed on a computer package ABAQUS, using modified Riks analysis. A 4-node shell element (S4R) with reduced integration was used to simulate the model. The study concludes that local corrosion damage is more critical in nonrigid end post than in rigid end post. Furthermore, the steel girder with no end post is more susceptible to crippling failure due to local corrosion damage as compared to the other types of end post.
This study briefly describes the moral and immoral effects of National Boundaries which have been suffered by a nation. In different perspectives idea of partition and its political background has been discussed by sub continents writers. The present study has been done under the selected writing of sidhwa Ice Candy Man, The Crow Eaters and An American Brat. This research dissertation highlights that how boundaries unite and isolate people, it has an important role in our lives. It draws a special attention and detailed information with reference to the particular texts that how they put an impact on an individual and on a community. This research highlights that how forcefully people have been separated because of the migration, they have faced the physical and psychological disturbance. Although the border line has been created between both the nations, but the idea of independence has promoted the multicultural society which later becomes a progressive approach.
As both, the issues of fractured identity and diaspora have been applied to archaeology over the course of the past decade they are usually treated exclusively. Occasionally, they have pertained together as the backdrop to many studies which aim to highlight political influences on contemporary state representations of the past. Both fractured identity and diasporic identity are central to this research and all the discussion about these concepts have been highlighted under the umbrella of Bapsi Sidhwa’s selected writings. An important and great deal of information has been gathered through the views of Edward Saeed, Smith and Fanon. This study discusses the role of identity in the partition of Pakistan and India and how it turns into splintered identity. This study relates the relation of identity which later on changes into diasporic identity and then changes into displacement which leads a person towards homelessness, which ultimately turns into exile.
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