The aims of this study was to determine the trends in rates of caesarean sections in Turkey. The data source for this study was the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 1993-1998-2003-2008-2013 conducted by Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies. Cross tables and binary logistic regression were used for analysis. It was found that the caesarean section rate, which was 14.3% in 1993, increased to 51.9% in 2013. The rate increased with maternal age and educational level at childbirth. The Caesarean section rate was higher in women who were under health insurance coverage, first time mothers, childbirth in the private health institutions, those staying in the Western region and urban areas, and having the highest level of wealth. This study aims to contribute to the literature of caesarean sections especially in developing countries, in which caesarean section has become a major healthcare issue. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject: Caesarean section is among the most widely practiced obstetric surgery worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that the rates of caesarean section were affected by the biological, genetic and medical factors. What the results of this study add: Besides the biological, genetic and medical factors, it is believed that social factors (income and social status, education, employment, etc.) play an important role on the caesarean section in developing countries. Although the laws on caesarean sections have been enforced since 2012 in Turkey, this study shows that there has been a significant increase in caesarean section between the 1993 and 2013 periods. The study also reveals that prohibiting caesarean sections, except in cases of medical necessity, is a problematic issue in the health system despite all efforts. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: This study may be of interest for authorities and researchers in terms of showing the social factors associated with the caesarean section.

The findings of this study suggest that making improvements to the nursing work environment and nurses' communication satisfaction will decrease their intention to quit.

Self-leadership may be defined as a self-effecting process that individuals experience by maintaining the motivation they require for fulfilling their roles and duties. The self-leadership process comprises three key strategies: behaviour-oriented strategies, natural reward strategies and constructive thought pattern strategies. What is intended herein is to inquire about the implementation of self-leadership within organisations and to examine the effects of such variables as age, gender, total terms of employment, marital status and education on self-leadership strategies. The primary data collection instrument was a survey distributed to 450 personnel working at a state hospital in Kırıkkale, Turkey, and feedback thereto was received from 308 (68.4%) of those surveyed. As a result of the findings taken from the analyses, age, total terms of employment and receipt of education in leadership affect the use of self-leadership strategies. Although age and total terms of employment display a negative-directional correlation with the self-leadership strategies, female employees and those who receive education in leadership are more inclined towards self-leadership strategies.

This study speculates that obesity appears to be a major problem among pre-school children in Turkey. Based on the findings, the current situation of overweight/obesity among pre-school children is so close to many developing and developed countries, whose obesity levels are a greater concern. This finding demonstrates that effective interventions of obesity should begin as early as infancy in Turkey, as it is a developing country.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin akılcı ilaç kullanma davranışlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini bir devlet üniversitesinin iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesinde öğrenim gören 800 birinci ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, 15 Mayıs-15 Haziran 2016 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiş ve araştırmaya 602 kişi dâhil olmuştur. Bulgular: Bu araştırma öğrencilerin % 52'sinin son bir ay içerisinde, % 12'sinin sürekli ve % 17'sinin sık ilaç kullandığı, sık ilaç kullanan öğrencilerin % 13'ünün kullandığı ilacın adını bilmediği ve en sık kullanılan ilacın ağrı kesici olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma ile katılımcıların % 27'sinin reçetesiz olarak ilaç aldığı, % 23'ünün reçeteleri okumadığı, % 24'ünün ilaçları zamanında kullanmadığı, % 13'ünün kullandığı ilacın dozunda değişiklik yaptığı, % 10'unun stresli durumlarda ve % 42'sinin ise tavsiye ile ilaç kullandığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; öğrencilerin akılcı ilaç kullanımında yetersiz olduğu söylenebilir.