The increasing complexity and flexibility of modern land use requires that cadastres need to manage information on the third and temporal (fourth) dimension. This article considers the registration of legal space of utility networks in cadastre in this 3D + time (=4D) context. A requirement analysis in three countries that have methods to register utility networks complying with their legal, organizational and technical structure (Turkey, the Netherlands and Queensland, Australia) is the basis for three alternatives for 4D cadastre to register utility networks. The three alternatives are analysed with respect to legal, organizational and technical cadastral requirements. This article presents a case study and a prototype from the Netherlands. In this country by law utilities are considered to be real estate objects with obligatory registration of ownership and geometry. This study shows that the 3D space and separate temporal attributes approach (state-based model) is a very promising solution to maintain temporal changes of utility networks and that this approach is to be preferred above the current practice, where the 3D and temporal aspects are not considered when registering a network.
In this study, it is aimed to analyse the three-dimensional (3D) cadastre literature in terms of legal, institutional, and technical aspects. For this purpose, 441 publications published between 2001 and 2019 were examined. In the literature, which includes publications from 59 different countries the studies mostly focused on technical issues. An international consensus on legal, institutional, and technical aspects of a 3D cadastre solution seems difficult. Since rights, restrictions, and responsibilities with a 3D component are somehow registered administratively, stakeholders from the legal domain are reluctant to 3D cadastre. From a technical point of view, the technology required to use 3D digital data for registration has matured sufficiently in the past twenty years. However, further research on a real 3D cadastre solution, creating a workflow that considers both current legal and technical framework beyond pilot studies, is needed.
Bu çalışmada yayla alanlarındaki yapılaşma değişimi Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) verilerinin birlikte kullanımıyla incelenmektedir. Gümüşhane ilinde bulunan Ernek, Güvende, Kadırga ve Kazıkbeli isimli dört yayla alanında 2013 ile 2018 yılları arasındaki değişim incelenmiştir. İncelenen yayla alanlarında 2013 ile 2018 yılları arasında yapı sayısının %21.48, yol ağının %6.94 artığı belirlenmiştir. Bu artışın temel sebeplerinin yayla alanlarına yönelik turizm faaliyetleri ve İmar Barışı düzenlemesinin olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Yayla alanlarının sürdürülebilir kullanımı için koruma-kullanma dengesini gözeten bir arazi kullanım politikasına ve daha etkin bir denetim mekanizmasına ihtiyaç vardır. CBS ve UA verileri yayla alanlarındaki değişimin izlenerek kontrol edilmesi çalışmalarına destek sağlamak için kullanılabilir.
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