Dipyrone ameliorates behavioural changes induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress: gender differences Abstract Purpose: Antidepressant effects of analgesics have been investigate in both clinical and experimental studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the analgesic-antipyretic drug, dipyrone, also had antidepressant-like effects.Methods: Depression-like effects were investigated in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model in both male and female mice. Cage changes, light-dark cycle reversal, cage tilting, wet floor, empty cage, foreign material on the floor and predator sounds were used to induce light stress at different times for six weeks. Dipyrone was administered intraperitoneally beginning from the third week. Splash, rota-rod (RR) and forced swimming (FST) tests were performed at the seventh week as behavioural tests to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of dipyrone. Coat state score (CSS) and weights of animals were recorded at seventh weeks. Results were analyzed using one or two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferonni post hoc test.Results: Weight of UCMS-exposed mice did not change compared with controls; however, significant changes were observed in CSS in both sexes of stressed mice (p<0.05). RR latency decreased and immobility time enhanced in FST test in both sexes of stressed mice (p<0.05). Grooming behaviour was not different between the groups in female mice, but different in male mice in the splash test. Dipyrone did not produce a significant change in CSS in the UCMS-exposed group but reversed the latency time and immobility time to normal values in both sexes of mice and augmented the number of grooming behaviour only in stressed male mice. Conclusion:These results indicate that dipyrone produce antidepressant-like effects to some symptoms of UCMS according to gender.SUPPLEMENT

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the self-practices with conventional and herbal drug use among ear, nose, and throat outpatients. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out among all ear, nose, and throat outpatients on their first visit to the otorhinolaryngology department at a tertiary care hospital. The survey comprised a total of 14 questions with 4 different sections, including demographic characteristics, self-medication of conventional medicines, herbal medication usage, and perception regarding herbal medicines. RESULTS: Overall, 255 questionnaires were distributed among patients, of which 183 completed the questionnaire (response rate=71.7%). Respondents reported self-medication (44.8%) with conventional drugs before visiting a hospital. The most commonly used medicine was analgesics (31.7%) and antibiotics (21.9%). Nearly half of the patients (49.2%) used at least one herbal drug. The most commonly used herbal medications were Tilia cordata (78.8%), Zingiber officinale (62.2%), and Camellia sinensis (45.5%). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, most of the medicinal herbs were considered as data deficient/least concern. About 36.6% of the participants perceived that herbal drugs are effective for ear, nose, and throat problems. Moreover, 22.9% of the patients did not know about herbal-drug interaction with other medications. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed a considerable prevalence of self-based practices with conventional and herbal medications. Strict national regulations on conventional and herbal medication access and long-term actions should be implemented to discourage inappropriate drug use.

Dipyrone is an analgesic-antipyretic drug with especially COX-

Background: An analgesic-antipyretic drug dipyrone shows its effects via central prostaglandin system, opiatergic and cannabinoid systems, cytokine levels, TRP channels and descending serotonergic-noradrenergic pathways. The functional roles of all these mechanisms have been established also in mood disorders. It is known that pain and depression are frequently seen together. In the light of these information we aimed to investigate whether dipyrone has an antidepressant-like effect. Methods: Swiss albino mice were used in all experiments. Depression-like effects were investigated in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model in both male and female mice. Cage changes, light-dark cycle reversal, cage tilting, wet floor, empty cage, foreign material on the floor and predator sounds were used different times to induce light stress at mice for six weeks. Dipyrone was administered intraperitoneal beginning from the third week. Splash, rota-rod (RR) and forced swimming (FST) tests were performed at the seventh week as behavioral tests to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of dipyrone. Coat state score (CSS) and weights of animals were recorded at the beginning of each week. Results were analyzed using one or two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferonni post hoc test. Results: Weight of UCMS-exposed mice did not change compared with controls; however, significant changes were observed in CSS in both sexes of stressed mice (p<0.05). RR latency decreased and immobility time enhanced in FST test in both sexes of stressed mice (p<0.05). Grooming behavior was not different between the groups in female mice, but different in male mice in the splash test. Dipyrone did not produce a significant change in CSS in the UCMS-exposed group but reversed the latency time and immobility time to normal values in both sexes of mice and augmented the number of grooming behavior only in stressed male mice. Conclusions: These results indicate that dipyrone produce antidepressant-like effects to some symptoms of UCMS according to gender.

Depression is a psychiatric disease that negatively affects quality of life and workforce. In recent years there is an increase in suggestions that the formation of affective disorders were caused by pathological changes influencing structural plasticity and cell structures. These studies primarily focused on the hippocampal area. Hippocampus is especially important in regards to episodic memory, expressive memory, content and spatial memory. "Neural plasticity", known as long term potentiation of learning and memory mechanisms, was firstly identified and examined in this structure.This phenomenon is believed to be fundamental neuronal mechanisms involved in memory formation. Antidepressant treatment can correct negative effects of learning and memory mechanisms induced by stress. This study reviews studies focusing on effects of antidepressants on learning-memory mechanisms.

This study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes in regards to rational drug use of research assistants working at Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was created by applying a doctoral survey to 128 r esearch assistants from different branches working at Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. A total of 42 questions about rational drug use were asked to participants. Results: In the survey, knowledge and attitudes of research assistants about Rational Drug Use was evaluated. 91.4% of Participants stated that "I inform the patient about their illness and its reasons". Another 83.6% of participants stated that "I inform the patient about reasons for treatment". The percentage of participants tha answered "I inform the patient about prescribed medications" was at 84.6%. However only 46.9% of participants stated that "I allow the patient or her/his relatives to repeat the treatment verbally". The percentage of participants that said "I consider drug prices while prescribing" was 48.4%. And 80.5% of participants stated that " I prefer Vademekum when looking for information about drugs. Conclusion: A lack of knowledge was observed in doctors who works in the tertiary health care providers about rational drug use. The present study has revealed that the "rational drug use" studies must be updated and continued through the medical education. Amaç: Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde çalışan araştırma görevlisi doktorların akılcı ilaç kullanımı konusunda bilgi ve tutumlarını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma tanımlayıcı tipte bir araştırmadır. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesinde çalışan farklı uzmanlık alanlarından 128 araştırma görevlisi doktora anket çalışması uygulanarak oluşturulmuştur. Ankette akılcı ilaç kullanımı bilgi ve tutumunu değerlendiren 42 soru bulunmaktadır. Bulgular: Ankette doktorların akılcı ilaç kullanımına yönelik bilgi ve tutumları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan asistan doktorlardan "Hastaya hastalığını ve nedenlerini anlatırım" diyenlerin oranı % 91.4'dür. "Hastaya tedavi uygulama gerekçelerini anlatırım" diyenlerin oranı % 83.6'dir. "Yazdığım ilaçlarla ilgili bilgi veririm" diyenlerin oranı % 84.6, "tedavi bilgilerini hastaya ya da yakınlarına tekrarlatırım" diyenlerin oranı % 46.9'dır. Doktorların %48.4'i ilaç fiyatlarına dikkat ederek ilaç seçtiğini belirtmiştir. İlaçlarla ilgili güncel bilgi öğrenmede en sık vademekum (%80.5) kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç: Üçüncü basamak sağlık kuruluşunda yaptığımız çalışmada, doktorların akılcı ilaç kullanımı konusunda bazı uygulamalarda bilgi ve tutumlarının eksik olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum üçüncü basamakta çalışan araştırma görevlisi doktorlar için akılcı ilaç kullanımı konusunun sürekli tıp eğitimi kapsamında güncellenerek devam etmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess dental care professionals' drug prescription knowledge, practices, and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted by using a face-to-face survey administered to a sample of dentists from tertiary care hospitals in Adana, Türkiye. A questionnaire consisted of six sections with closed-ended items including sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge about drugs, patient history information, counseling practices during prescribing, source of information and ADR reporting. Results: The study included 180 dentists, with a 95.3% response rate. More than half of the dentists (50.6%) stated their level of knowledge about drug price/cost as low. Most of the dentists (50.6%;n=91) claimed that they never/rarely asked about health insurance during patient history information. Moreover, most of the participants reported that they never/rarely and sometimes counsel the patients regarding drug mechanism of action, side effects of the drug, interaction of prescribed drug with other drugs/nutrients. It was determined that the dentists learned about the drugs from Vademecum (Turkish Medication Guidebook: 70%;n=126)  and the internet (55%;n=99). A higher proportion (85.5%) of the dentists indicated that they did not report ADR during their clinical practice. Conclusion: This study showed a general improvement in dentists prescribing knowledge and practices, although they reported some lack of knowledge regarding drug cost, discussion about the possible side effect of a drug/interaction with other drugs/nutrients with patients and under-reporting of ADRs. Periodic education and training for dentists are critical to overcoming any problem related to prescribing errors and potential ADRs.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the knowledge and approaches of research assistants working in Mersin University Hospital on rational use of drug (RDU). Method: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a questionnaire consisting of 52 questions in total, including 6 questions on demographic data and 46 questions prepared to measure their knowledge and approaches about rational medicine, was applied to the research assistants working at Mersin University Hospital. Results: 249 research assistants from Mersin University Hospital, including 180 internal and 69 from the surgical departments, participated in this study. Participants, 169 (67.9%) of whom had previously received training on RDU and 80 (32.1%) had not received any training stated that they received theoretical training on rational drug use during medical education (78.1%), after graduation (22.5%) and during assistantship (43.8%). Those asking about the age of the patient, the other medications he is using, and his chronic diseases are 96.8%, 94.8% and 98.0% of the participants, respectively. Those questioning the pregnancy of the patient were 87.1% of the participants and 85.5% of them asked whether she was breastfeeding or not. While only 67.9% of the participants said the name of the drug they prescribed to their patients, only 30% of those who did not mention the side effects of the drug to the patient were those who did not receive training on RDU. On the other hand, while 25.5% of the participants did not consider the cost criteria when choosing drugs, they gave more importance to efficiency, safety and suitability. 39.7% of those who did not consider the cost did not receive any training about RDU. Although the research assistants have received training before, it has been determined that there are points that need to be improved in terms of both their level of knowledge and their attitudes and approaches on RDU. Conclusion: Although the research assistants have received training before, it has been determined that there are points that need to be improved in terms of both their level of knowledge and their attitudes and approaches on RDU. For this reason, enriched courses in terms of duration and content, and especially practical training on RDU will provide significant contributions to overcome the deficiencies identified in rational drug prescribing behavior.