The safety performance of the industrial enterprises in Khartoum city was the best. The safety performance in the chemical sector was the worst with regard to FSI and DAFR. The age, sex, and educational level of injured workers greatly affect safety performance.
Phenol exposure is one of the hazards in the industrial wastewater treatment basin of any refinery. It additively interacts with hydrogen sulfide emitted from the wastewater basin. Consequently, its concentration should be greatly lower than its threshold limit value. The present study aimed at controlling occupational exposure to phenol in the work environment of wastewater treatment plant in a refinery by reducing phenolic compounds in the industrial wastewater basin. This study was conducted on both laboratory and refinery scales. The first was completed by dividing each wastewater sample from the outlets of different refinery units into three portions; the first was analyzed for phenolic compounds. The second and third were for laboratory scale charcoal and bacterial treatments. The two methods were compared regarding their simplicities, design, and removal efficiencies. Accordingly, bacterial treatment by continuous flow of sewage water containing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was used for refinery scale treatment. Laboratory scale treatment of phenolic compounds revealed higher removal efficiency of charcoal [100.0(0.0) %] than of bacteria [99.9(0.013) %]. The refinery scale bacterial treatment was [99.8(0.013) %] efficient. Consequently, level of phenol in the work environment after refinery-scale treatment [0.069(0.802) mg/m(3)] was much lower than that before [5.700(26.050) mg/m(3)], with removal efficiency of [99.125(2.335) %]. From the present study, we can conclude that bacterial treatment of phenolic compounds in industrial wastewater of the wastewater treatment plant using continuous flow of sewage water containing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa reduces the workers' exposure to phenol.
This study aims at optimizing environmental and operational factors affecting the bioremediation of H2S as air pollutants. Sulfur gases are emitted from many industrial sources and have adverse effects on the public health and the environment. Bioremediation of waste gases represents a new treatment alternative that has been seen as a competitive to the physico-chemical treatment technologies. Sulfur gases, such as H2S were among the inorganic gases that have been proven to be suitable candidates to Bioremediation. The process of biological treatment depends on using sulfur eating bacteria which can use the target sulfur gas or compound as energy or supplementary source converting it to another sulfur form. Sulfur bacteria are dominant microorganisms in many natural media. The bioreactor used was an aerobic reactor for oxidizing H2S to elemental sulfur by Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB). It consisted of aerobic bioreactor, a settler, and H2S-laden gas producing system. The microorganism used is SOB isolated from sewage sludge. Microbial activity is affected by environmental factors and operational factors. The results revealed that the optimum CO3-concentration range for complete removal and conversion, i.e. 100% recovery of H2S is 61.5 to 615 g/m 3. The SOB was highly preferment within a nitrogen concentration range of 30.8 to 123.1 g/m 3 , achieving 100% removal or conversion efficiency. The minimum P concentration that maintained maximum activity of the resident SOB was about 24.6 g/m 3. The mesophilic range was the optimum for the SOB used in this study (38-43 o C). The highest performance of the bioreactor was attained at pH range from 7.5 to 9 with optimum operation at pH 8. Results explained that the resident SOB at pH 8 tolerated total sulfide concentrations higher than at pH 7. 100% removal efficiency of the bioreactor reaching at O2/H2S range 0.5-1.5. The maximum elemental sulfur yield obtained was 92.4%. The increase of H2S inlet concentration required increase of contact time. The measurements of SOB concentration in the suspension reported average about 3.56×10 8 cells/ml (range from 3.5 to 3.62×10 8 cells/ml). This implies that the maximum cell capacity was about 1.23×10-12 g H2S/cell.h. The activity of the SOB was not affected at SO4-concentrations below 20,000 g/m 3. The removal efficiency was 100% below this concentration. The S2O3-concentrations higher than 10,000 to 15,000 g/m 3 may be inhibitive to the SOB. This study recommended encourages the using of air pollutant gases bioremediation in industries scale.
Workplace inspection is part of a comprehensive health and safety program in which the workplace is closely examined on a regular basis of identifying and reviewing potential and actual hazards associated with equipment, tools, and industrial processes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the process of factory inspection as a tool of pertaining safety and welfare of employees in Egypt as well as to study the attitudes of inspectors who are responsible for the process of factory inspection in Egypt. The present study is conducted on 210 inspectors. 145 of them belong to different industrial, commercial, and service enterprises in Egypt and classified as group [A]. The other 65 inspectors are members of the Ministry of Labor in Egypt and classified as group [B]. Two forms of questionnaires are formed to provide personal, professional, and attitudinal data. Percentages of males in group [A] inspectors (95.2%) are greatly higher than that in group [B] (46.0%). The bachelor degree in group [B] inspectors (89%) is more predominant than in group [A] inspectors (50.3%). The main source of occupational health and safety (OHS) knowledge for group [A] inspectors is the training programs (75%), while, it is the practical training or by asking seniors for group[B]. The predominant aims of inspectors are safe work environment, safe workers and mitigation of occupational hazards. Some of job descriptions are identical. There are significant variation between the two groups of inspectors in how they evaluate work environment, (P=0.00001*). Only 78% and 91% of groups [A] and [B] inspectors, respectively know the Egyptian Labor Law No.12/2003. In case of danger, 73% of group [A] and 72% of group [B] inspectors take action(s) coincide with their responsibilities as informing management. There is non-significant variation between their opinion regarding the importance of the field of OHS and environment. Factory inspection is an important tool in assisting OHS programs. Efforts should be directed to enrich knowledge of inspectors continuously. Legislative knowledge is also needed. Inspectors should be continuously encouraged and supported from all involved authorities; this will help them do perfectly. Employers should be encouraged to fulfill the requirements of OHS programs.
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