Factor analysis is a statistical technique that is widely used in psychology and social sciences. Using computers and statistical packages, implementation of multivariate factor analysis and other multivariate methods becomes possible for researchers. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are applied in different studies; however, exploratory factor analysis as one of the most important data analysis methods is not well understood. Despite the rising number of researchers who understand it many researchers in various fields still have a false view. This paper reviews methods based on reliable sources and provides a practical guide to conduct an exploratory factor analysis. This paper presents step-by-step of different stages of exploratory factor analysis using SPSS and Montecarlo software. This study could pave the way for students, researchers and teachers who want to use heuristic analysis in their studies of different types of questions, purpose, method of analysis and report writing.
This study aimed to reduce the university-industry gap from the perspective of leadership and entrepreneurship. The focus of this research is to assess the influence of transformational leadership of manager on academic staff’s entrepreneurial orientation and to pave the way for identifying potential opportunities, generating new ideas in industrial relation, and to subsequently narrow the university-industry problem. In order to understand the contribution of leadership within the university–industry context, this research reviewed the effect of transformational leadership style on entrepreneurial orientation and then examined the existing relationship. The population of this study is the academic staff of a public university in Iran. A research sample of 295 academic staff was chosen by using stratified sampling technique. Technical analysis of data applied Structural Equation Modeling in two step: measurement model for testing the construct validity of questionnaires and structural model for hypothesizes testing with mathematical program. The results showed that transformational leadership was the best predictor for entrepreneurial orientation. The research findings in this study revealed that the quality of transformational leadership within an organization had an effect on the entrepreneurial orientation. One of the managerial implications of this study is to reinforce the recognition and basis of enhancing entrepreneurial orientation by transformational leadership.
This study aimed to reduce the university-industry gap from the perspective of leadership and entrepreneurship. The focus of this research is to assess the influence of transformational leadership of manager on academic staff’s entrepreneurial orientation and to pave the way for identifying potential opportunities, generating new ideas in industrial relation, and to subsequently narrow the university-industry problem. In order to understand the contribution of leadership within the university–industry context, this research reviewed the effect of transformational leadership style on entrepreneurial orientation and then examined the existing relationship. The population of this study is the academic staff of a public university in Iran. A research sample of 295 academic staff was chosen by using stratified sampling technique. Technical analysis of data applied Structural Equation Modeling in two step: measurement model for testing the construct validity of questionnaires and structural model for hypothesizes testing with mathematical program. The results showed that transformational leadership was the best predictor for entrepreneurial orientation. The research findings in this study revealed that the quality of transformational leadership within an organization had an effect on the entrepreneurial orientation. One of the managerial implications of this study is to reinforce the recognition and basis of enhancing entrepreneurial orientation by transformational leadership.
Entrepreneurship orientation (EO) approach provides universities with a plan and roadmap for getting over rising uncertainty and complexity. Inspiring universities to embrace transformation and innovation, risk taking and proactive policy for planning and executing development strategies for success in the dynamic competitive environment arise from entrepreneurship orientation spirit. To reach this status, the key factors of success in entrepreneurship should be taken into consideration and assessed in universities. Structural and entrepreneurial policies as key non-financial factors are two concepts that have received considerable attention over the past years. Measuring efficiency of universities by the mentioned factors and using mathematical programming like Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is the aim of this study. Hence, this paper applied DEA method for measuring efficiency of 16 faculties and institutes in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) in Iran. Descriptive-survey methodology was used and data were collected through questionnaire survey. The faculties and institutes were ranked based on structural policies and EO through DEA. Finally, the DEA method recommended the development roadmaps template for the 11 faculties and institutes which were inefficient.
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