IntRoductIonBone is considered to be one of the hardest living tissues which has an extensive blood supply and is constantly undergoing change [1]. Osteoblasts account for the organic components of bone matrix. Bone surface growth is promoted by deposition of calcium salts in a newly formed matrix [2]. Alkaline phosphatase secreting Osteoblasts, generate matrix vesicles in which crystals of hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate deposits) are shaped [3].Osteoclasts secrete collagenase and other enzymes into the subcellular space to make a local acidic environment which dissolves hydroxyapatite and accelerates localized absorption of collagen. Therefore, both cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts) are coordinated and essential for bone remodeling [4].The bone remodeling process happens with a rate of close to a 100% in the first year of life and 10% in the adult population [5]. The most important micronutrients in maintaining bone health which contribute most to bone mineral density at all ages are calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D [6]. Other studies showed that taking supplements such as calcium and vitamin D promotes bone absorption and resorption [7]. Studies on laboratory animals have also shown that calcium deficiency leads to inhibition of bone formation [8]. Vicky Tai et al., studied the special effects of a diet rich in calcium on bone metabolism in rats. Results indicated that Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the femur in groups which had consumed calcium rich nutrients were notably higher than that of the control group [9]. During the process of bone formation, fluctuations in estrogen affect bone formation [10].Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), a member of the Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) superfamily, is an effective stimulator of both, osteoclast formation and their boneresorbing activity [11]. Upon binding to its receptor, RANK located on osteoclasts, RANKL signaling increases differentiation and activation of the osteoclasts resulting in expression of osteoclast specific molecules. During normal bone remodeling, marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts produce RANKL, which binds to the transmembrane receptor RANK on osteoclast precursors and induces differentiation and activation [12]. This occurs through the transcription factor, nuclear-factor kappa B(NFkB), which is responsible not only for activating osteoclastogenesis but also the body's inflammatory response. Although it has been proposed for a long time that the main source of RANKL are stromal and osteoblastic cells, a very recent study examiners proved that the main RANKL production site resides within osteocytes [13].Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted by TNF receptor super family member acting as a decoy receptor molecule for RANKL, thereby counteracting its osteoclastogenic activity. It is produced by a variety of cells, including stromal cells, B lymphocytes and dendritic cells [14].Estrogen, the major hormone regulating bone remodeling, is essential for both men and women. Estrogen's role in maintaining bone health is far rea...
Introduction: The aim of this research was to study the effect of a 6-week supplemented diet on increasing bone density by measuring calcium, phosphorus and bone mineral density (BMD) in male rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 24 Wistar male rats, aged between 15 and 20 days, were selected. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: immune system supplement (ISS), ISS plus exercise and control. Daily swimming was performed by timeincreasing (starting from ten minutes and ten minutes was added each day and was fixed at sixty minutes). Supplements strengthening the immune system containing calcium and phosphorus were given to rats (5g/kg/day). After six weeks, BMD was measured using bone densitometer. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine and blood samples were gathered in order to separate their serum. The serum samples were used to measure calcium, phosphorus by the ELISA method. Results: The results showed that in both groups (ISS plus exercise and ISS), BMD was higher than the control group. The highest level of calcium, phosphorus and BMD was seen in the group whose members were ISS plus exercise group. In contrast, the least amount of the mentioned markers was reported in the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate a small but positive effect of ISS on whole body BMD in male rat; also results indicate the combination of exercise and proper nutrition was more effective on increasing the bone density in comparison with the proper nutrition sedentary group.
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