The amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) plays a pathophysiological role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease as well as a physiological role in neuronal growth and synaptogenesis. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/WNT/Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1)/Notch signaling pathways stamp in many functions, including development and growth of neurons. However, the regulatory role of AhR-/WNT-/CTNNB1-/Notch-induced APP expression and its influence on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits is not clear. Male BALB/C mice received 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (an AhR agonist), CH223191(an AhR antagonist), DAPT (an inhibitor of Notch signaling), and XAV-939 (a WNT pathway inhibitor) at a single dose of 100 μg/kg, 1, 5 , and 5 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection alone or in combination. Gene expression analyses and protein assay were performed on the 7th and 29th days. To assess the hippocampal-dependent memory, all six mice also underwent contextual fear conditioning on the 28th day after treatments. Our results showed that endogenous ligand of AhR has a regulatory effect on APP gene. Also, the interaction of AhR/WNT/CTNNB1 has a positive regulatory effect, but Notch has a negative regulatory effect on the mRNA and protein expression of APP, which have a correlation with mice’s learning skills and memory.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder determined by immune-mediated platelet demolition and reduction of platelet production. Romiplostim is a new thrombopoiesis motivating peptibody that binds and stimulates the human thrombopoietin receptor. It is used to treat thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Romiplostim is a 60 kDa peptibody designed to inhibit crossreacting immune responses. It consists of four high-affinity TPO-receptor binding domains for the Mpl receptor and one human IgG1 Fc domain. Escherichia coli is a good host for the fabrication of recombinant proteins such as romiplostim. The expression of a gene intended in E. coli is dependent on many factors such as a protein’s inherent ability to fold, mRNA’s secondary structure, its solubility, its toxicity preferential codon use, and its need for post-translational modification (PTM). This review focuses on the structure, function, mechanism of action, and expressive approach to romiplostim in E. Coli.
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