Background: Drug resistance due to genetic variations renders many therapeutic methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy unsuccessful in eradicating cancerous cells. Nowadays, application of nanoparticles (NPs) has been promising in destroying cancerous cells without side effects on normal cells. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 -NPs) on a hepatic carcinoma cell line. Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of CeO2 -NPs in concentrations of 0, 15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. Moreover, the expression levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (the antioxidant genes) were investigated at different concentrations of CeO2 -NPs using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Our results showed a significant toxicity of the synthesized NPs against the cancerous liver cells. The IC50 calculated for CeO2 -NPs was 500 μg/mL at 24 hours of incubation. In addition, the expression levels of CAT and SOD significantly (P<0.05) increased upon the treatment of cells with CeO2 -NPs (500 µg /mL) compared to the untreated cells. Conclusion: Considering the minimal effects of the biosynthesized CeO2 -NPs on normal cells and on the other hand their considerable toxicity against hepatic cancer cells, these NPs could be utilized in medicine and in the development of new drugs for cancer cells.
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The role of oxindole derivatives is discussed as starting materials in diverse organic reactions including two and
more components between the years 2014 until 2020. Oxindoles are famous because of their biological properties for
instance chromanone-fused polycyclic pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindoles, functionalized polycyclic spiro-fused
carbocyclicoxindole, and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles have anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial properties,
respectively. Therefore, various methods for synthesizing the oxindole structures have received more attention in organic
chemistry.
Ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous silica compounds present significant advantages in organic synthesis as a catalyst. There are various preparation procedures for the synthesis of diverse ionic liquid catalysts, which have different catalytic properties with various roles in organic reactions. So, due to the increasement in usage of mesoporous materials in industry and numerous researches, in this article, we gathered the development of ionic liquids supported on SBA-15 between the years 2014 until 2021.
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