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Background & Objective: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. The exact etiology of this disease is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the disorder of catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems. Also, serum vitamin D levels in patients with ADHD is lower. Several studies have also shown the effect of vitamin D on the synthesis pathways of dopamine, serotonin, and a number of neurotrophic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), dopamine, and serotonin in school-aged children with ADHD. Methods: Eighty-six children with ADHD were divided into two groups, based on randomized permuted blocks. Patients received 2000 IU vitamin D/day or a placebo for 12 weeks. Serum levels of BDNF, dopamine, serotonin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: Serum levels of 25(OH)D and dopamine significantly increased in the vitamin D group, compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). However, serum BDNF and serotonin levels did not change significantly. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation in children with ADHD can increase serum dopamine levels, but further studies are needed to determine the effects of vitamin D on neurotrophic factors and serotonin.

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that may have an impact on cardiovascular disease risks, but the evidence is not conclusive. To investigate further, this study aimed to explore the effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. A comprehensive search was conducted up to August 2022 using relevant keywords in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed that hesperidin supplementation had a significant effect on reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), whereas weight was increased. However, no significant effect was observed on high-density cholesterol (HDL), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), body mass index (BMI), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The study also found that an effective dosage of hesperidin supplementation was around 1,000 mg/d, and a more effective duration of supplementation was more than eight weeks to decrease insulin levels. Furthermore, the duration of intervention of more than six weeks was effective in decreasing FBG levels.

It is well-established that green tea supplementation has antioxidant properties. However, whether green tea supplementation leads to oxidative stress reduction remains unclear, as clinical investigations on this subject have yielded inconsistent outcomes. Consequently, we aimed to determine the effects of green tea supplementation on oxidative stress in adults. A systematic search of English language publications up to 21 August 2021 was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ISI Web of Science, utilizing pertinent keywords. These searches included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the relationship between green tea supplementation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in adults. A random-effects model was used to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Meta-regression and non-linear dose-response analyses were performed to investigate the association between the dosage of green tea (mg/day) and the duration of the intervention (weeks) with pooled effect size. Sixteen RCTs with seventeen arms including 760 participants met the inclusion criteria. Our results indicated that green tea supplementation had significant effects on TAC (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 0.20 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.30, p < 0.001) and significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 98.6%, p < 0.001), which was largely related to gender and body mass index (BMI). Subgroup analysis in TAC identified a significant relationship except with low dose supplementation and obese individuals. No relationship between MDA and green tea supplementation was observed in any subgroups; however, meta-regression analysis revealed a linear inverse association between the dosage and significant change in MDA (r = −2117.18, p = 0.017). Our outcomes suggest that green tea supplementation improves TAC and affects MDA based on the dose of the intervention in adults. Future RCTs with longer durations are needed to expand our findings.

In this context, the present study reviews the molecular pathways of vitamin D in ADHD patients.

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Background & aims For more than eight decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has remained the leading cause of death in the world. CVD risk factors are multifaceted, with genetics and lifestyle both playing a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between a genetic profile risk score for obesity GRS and cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese women. Methods The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 391 overweight and obese women. The genetic risk score was created by combining three single nucleotide polymorphisms [MC4R (rs17782313), CAV-1 (rs3807992), and Cry-1 (rs2287161)]. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and some blood parameters were measured by standard protocols. Results A significant association between the GRS and some of cardiometabolic risk factors variables such as body mass index (β = 0. 49, 95%CI = 0.22 to 0.76, p < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 0. 86, 95%CI = 0.18 to 1.54, p = 0.01), body fat mass (β = 0. 82, 95%CI = 0.25 to 1.39, p = 0.005), %body fat (β = 0. 44, 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.82, p = 0.02), and hs-CRP (β = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.78, p = 0.005) was observed in crude model. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, BMI, and physical activity), a significant positive association was observed between BMI (p = 0.004), WC (p = 0.02), body fat mass (p = 0.01), %BF (p = 0.01), hs-CRP (p = 0.009), and GRS. In addition, we discovered a significant negative association between the GRS and BMC (= -0.02, 95%CI = -0.05 to -0.001, p = 0.04). But other variables did not show any significant association with GRS among obese and overweight women. Conclusion We found a significant positive association between GRS, including MC4R (rs17782313), CAV-1 (rs3807992), and Cry-1 (rs2287161) and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese Iranian women.