Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic affects all age groups and presents differently in children from adults. Children who contract the virus while suffering from cancer may face unique health challenges than their counterparts. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of children with cancer and their family in this era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this qualitative study, a total of 21 participants were interviewed. They include five children, thirteen mothers, a father and three pediatric oncology nurses. The study setting was a Pediatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Results Three main themes were identified through thematic analysis. 1) Swinging on the path of fear to adaptation, 2) Left-alone at emotional distances, 3) Care system confusion, and decreased quality of care. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has burdened children living with cancer and their families in varying ways. Their experiences show a new insight on how to improve their quality of life during these difficult times.

AimsThis current study aimed to present a review of the challenges and facilitators of professional socialization among undergraduate nursing students.DesignSystematic review.MethodsA literature search was conducted in Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus in April and May 2018 for studies published in the English language. Four thousand three hundred fifty‐two articles were retrieved. We conducted further screening for full‐text articles after discarding duplicates and irrelevant studies. Finally, eight studies were included. The Joanna Briggs appraisal tools were used to appraise and evaluate study quality. The PRISMA guidelines were followed and a narrative synthesis used for data analysis.ResultsChallenges and facilitators of professional socialization were identified and categorized into two major themes. Under each theme, results were grouped into three sub‐themes: professional, personal and educational challenges/facilitators.

Objective:Medication errors are the most common medical errors, which may result in some complications for patients. This study was carried out to investigate what influence medication errors by nurses from their viewpoint.Methods:In this descriptive study, 150 nurses who were working in Qazvin Medical University teaching hospitals were selected by proportional random sampling, and data were collected by means of a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic attributes (age, gender, working experience,…), and contributing factors in medication errors (in three categories including nurse-related, management-related, and environment-related factors).Findings:The mean age of the participant nurses was 30.7 ± 6.5 years. Most of them (87.1%) were female with a Bachelor of Sciences degree (86.7%) in nursing. The mean of their overtime working was 64.8 ± 38 h/month. The results showed that the nurse-related factors are the most effective factors (55.44 ± 9.14) while the factors related to the management system (52.84 ± 11.24) and the ward environment (44.0 ± 10.89) are respectively less effective. The difference between these three groups was significant (P = 0.000). In each aforementioned category, the most effective factor on medication error (ranked from the most effective to the least effective) were as follow: The nurse's inadequate attention (98.7%), the errors occurring in the transfer of medication orders from the patient's file to kardex (96.6%) and the ward's heavy workload (86.7%).Conclusion:In this study nurse-related factors were the most effective factors on medication errors, but nurses are one of the members of health-care providing team, so their performance must be considered in the context of the health-care system like work force condition, rules and regulations, drug manufacturing that might impact nurses performance, so it could not be possible to prevent medication errors without paying attention to our health-care system in a holistic approach.

Background Hope nurtures confidence and enhances positivity. It is known to be a critical factor in illness, recovery and healing. This study aimed to identify the views of hospitalized children with cancer about the circumstances and factors that create hope for them in the oncology ward. Methods: This qualitative study explored children's experiences using Photovoice, which is an arts-based approach. Twenty children aged 6–12 years diagnosed with various cancers at a Pediatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran, participated in this study. Participants were requested to take photographs of objects, circumstances, or anything that gave them hope or represented a sign of hope in the oncology ward. The photographs were then used to facilitate face-to-face interviews with these children. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Data analysis revealed six main themes: emotional connectedness with nursing staff; the playroom as a means to soften the hospital space; the presence of a parent; symbols of recovery; a touch of nature in the hospital setting; and escaping the hospital cage. Discussion: Hopefulness among children can emanate from diverse events and circumstances within the hospital environment. Nurses and physicians need an understanding of children's perspectives to design interventions to improve hopefulness among hospitalized children with cancer.

IntroductionNursing documentation is one of the main parts of clinical documentation. Poor knowledge of nurses in documentation methods could bring about problems for patients and nurses. It is very important to promote nurses’ knowledge and skills in this regard through effective teaching methods. The aim of this study was to use Team-Based Learning (TBL) to teach nursing documentation for nurses.MethodsTBL was implemented for 20 nurses participating in a nursing documentation workshop in Qazvin, Iran, in 2015. TBL consists of three main stages. The first stage is the learners’ reading about the subject matter. The second stage is measuring the learners’ knowledge about the subject matter they have studied using the Individual Readiness Assurance Test (IRAT). In the third stage, more profound learning is achieved by forming small groups and performing teamwork. Finally, participants’ views and experiences about TBL were investigated using observations and interviews.ResultsThe results showed that TBL method increases transfer of information and improves intrapersonal relationships and collaboration. All nurses were satisfied with the educational content and the TBL method. The strong points of this workshop included obtaining the viewpoints of the nurses, step-by-step integration of the contents of teamwork, consultation and active participation of all participants, high learning motivation, and creating a sense of competition. The nurses viewed TBL as a useful method to improve their reporting skills.ConclusionUsing new teaching methods based on teamwork could bring about achievements, including improvement of intrapersonal relationships and teamwork, which are requisites of nursing in addition to facilitating the learning of educational content. It is suggested that the TBL method be used to improve teaching and to increase nurses’ skills and knowledge.

Background:Diabetic children and their families experience high level stress because of daily insulin injection.Objectives:This study was conducted to investigate the impact of an interactive computer game on behavioral distress due to insulin injection among diabetic children.Patients and Methods:In this clinical trial, thirty children (3-12 years) with type 1 diabetes who needed daily insulin injection were recruited and allocated randomly into two groups. Children in intervention groups received an interactive computer game and asked to play at home for a week. No special intervention was done for control group. The behavioral distress of groups was assessed before, during and after the intervention by Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress–Revised (OSBD-R).Results:Repeated measure ANOVA test showed no significantly difference of OSBD-R over time for control group (P = 0.08), but this changes is signification in the study group (P = 0.001). Comparison mean score of distress were significantly different between two groups (P = 0.03).Conclusions:According to the findings, playing interactive computer game can decrease behavioral distress induced by insulin injection in type 1 diabetic children. It seems this game can be beneficial to be used alongside other interventions.

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Aim To present a concept analysis of pain in children's drawings and dialogs. Introduction The complexity and subjectivity of the concept of pain in children remain ambiguous. As a result, children are exposed to inappropriate diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Children can describe or draw their painful experiences. Analysing the concept of pain based on children's experiences can help identify, assess and properly manage and treat pain in children. Design Concept analysis. Methods Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis was used in this current study. Results Major aspects of pain revealed in this concept analysis are affected by children's different concerns about pain. The description of pain in children with chronic diseases or chronic pain is completely different from that in healthy children. Children perceive pain to be internal, external and emotional. Pain in children is associated with poor psychological and emotional conditions, which add new features and aspects to the concept of pain. Children's descriptions and drawings of pain indicate different concepts of pain in their minds. From the perspective of children, pain has an identity that is formed based on reality. Conclusion When developing pain evaluation tools, it is necessary to address the characteristics of pain. In the case of chronic pain, emotional effects of pain on children's psyche need extra attention. Child‐based pain management guidelines can then be formulated with the results of relevant concept analyses. Pain assessment is a major part of pain management in children. By considering the characteristics of the concept of pain, the efficiency and usefulness of developed tools can be enhanced to create advancement in paediatric pain management.