<p>Mothers and their fetuses are hereditarily unlike. Surprisingly, no less than 50% human pregnancies reach full term despite the tendency of the immune system to eliminate of non-self units. Reduction of adaptive maternal immune answer, which is planned to reject strange factors, is essential for a pregnancy to reach full term. However, approximately 5% couples trying to conceive experience 2 recurrent miscarriages (RMs).</p><p>HLA-G, which is produced by the external trophectoderm layer and has unique biological features, is involved in the implantation and maintenance of fetus. Serum HLA-G levels are correlated with the risk of RM. Recent studies indicate that a 14-bp HLA-G, INDEL polymorphism decreases the level of <em>HLA-G</em> mRNA, which in turn decreases the amount of HLA-G produced. An understanding of gene parameter and the function of polymorphic sites in the functioning of <em>HLA-G</em> products may enable the development of approaches targeting <em>HLA-G</em> for more detail of causes of RM.</p>
The aim of this study was to determine the molecular spectrum and frequency of deletional and nondeletional α-thalassemia (α-thal) mutations and the genotype-phenotype correlation in common mutations in the Azeri population of Northwestern Iran. A total of 1256 potential carriers with microcytic and hypochromic anemia and normal Hb A levels (<3.5%) and without iron deficiency anemia plus three fetuses were identified. Multiplex gap-polymerase chain reaction (gap-PCR) and sequencing for α-thal mutations were carried out. In 606 individuals, the α-globin gene was normal, but in 650 persons (51.6%) and three fetuses, 10 different mutations were detected. The most frequent deletional genotypes were as follows: αα/-α (61.7%), -α/-α (11.9%), αα/-α (4.6%), αα/- - (4.3%) and αα/-(α) (3.8%). The most frequent nondeletional genotypes were αα/αα (HBA2: c.95+2_95+6delTGAGG) and αα/αα [polyadenylation signal (polyA2) (AATAAA>AATGAA); HBA2: c.*96G>A] with frequencies of 1.08% and 0.92%, respectively. Meanwhile, 7.71% of individuals with a proven β-thalassemia (β-thal) mutation were found to also carry an α-thal mutation. Persons having two functional α-globin genes showed lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (Hb) (MCH) values compared to those with one mutated α-globin gene, provided that they had normal β-globin genes. Overall, the incidence of α-thal was 2.7% in the Azeri population in Northwestern Iran. Our results showed that the variability of α-thal mutations are high in the Azeri population and that α-thal mutations are highly heterogeneous in both deletional and nondeletional genotype aspects.
Introduction Interrelationship of cells proliferation and apoptosis regulate homeostasis in normal tissues. Breast cancer development is mainly due to defective apoptosis pathway. .Since there is a significant interrelationship between the ratio of apoptotic bodies to normal cells and breast cancer pathogenesis, we conducted this study to contrast malignant breast neoplasms apoptosis with benign breast neoplasms under the influence of DNA Fragmentation. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients entered this study. Its control group were their both benign neoplasms and normal cells. After DNA extraction, DNA fragmentation was carried out with DNA laddering assay. Apoptotic bodies were detected in 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Apoptotic bodies were detected in 83.3% of breast cancer samples. However, no sign of apoptosis was observed in control samples and the number of positive cases in malignant samples was significantly higher than benign samples (P< 0.05). Conclusions: It is revealed that the rate of apoptosis detectable by DNA fragmentation in malignant breast neoplasms is higher than benign types so that it can be used as a quick-diagnostic technique.
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