Introduction: This is a descriptive study carried out in Owo Town, Ondo State, during the period of February (2015) to August (2015). Aim: The main purpose of carrying out this research work is to evaluate the cytomorphological features of urine smears (using papanicoulaou stain) among cigarette smokers in Owo town, Ondo State, Nigeria. Materials and Method: 250 subjects were used for this research work, 200 subjects were cigarette smokers while 50 subjects were non-cigarette smokers. The numbers of years of cigarette smoking were different and the numbers of cigarette sticks smoked per day were also variable among the test group. Individuals with urinary tract infection were not included in this research work and individuals with less than five (5) years of cigarette smoking were also not included in this research work. From each urine sample collected, smears were obtained from the sediments after centrifuging and were immediately fixed with a cytology-spray fixative for at least 30 minutes, before staining smears with Papanicolaou stain. Results and Discussion: The stained smears were examined under a light microscope and revealed a high cellular turnover among 70% of the test group when compared with the control group which are nonsmokers, showing few normal urothelia cells. Enlargement in nuclear cytoplasm ratio, irregular nuclear borders, necrosis, cluster of cells showing dysplastic changes, moderate haemorrhage, heavy infiltrates of inflammatory cells, hyperchromatism, pleomorphysms and neoplastic transformation were among the features observed in smears of the test group. Conclusion: On the basis of this research work, cigarette smoking has been seen to be one of the leading causes of renal diseases.
A cervical lesion is an area of abnormal tissue found on the cervix, which is the lower end of a woman’s uterus. The type of the lesion can be atypical squamous cells, squamous intraepithelianeoplasia, and atypical glandular cells. The early stages of cervical cancer may be asymptomatic. In advanced disease, there may be metastases to the abdomen, lungs or any other organ. Infection with some types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is the highest risk factor for cervical cancer which can be transmitted due to multiple sex partners, followed by smoking. Other risk factors include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), early age at first sexual intercourse, early age at first pregnancy, tobacco use, exposure to passive smoke and other related factors. It is therefore recommended that all the risk factors should be avoided to reduce cervical cancer in the society and women should go for regular cervical screening as early detection can easily be treated.
Introduction: Bixa orellana is an ancestral multi use plant popularly known as Achiote or lipstick tree in view of its reddish – orange dye on its seeds, Central and South American populations used these seeds to color their bodies and lips, B. orellana is the only species of Bixaceae family. Aim: The aim of this study was to stain the organs such as skin, liver, kidney, brain, intestines, and bone marrow of a wistar rats with solutions of Bixa orellana (Annatto) seed extracts. Methods: The study design was experimental research, the seeds of Bixa orellana were extracted in distilled water, absolute ethanol and acetone, using maceration methods and the fractions of the extracts were determined using column chromatography while preliminary, the solutions of the extracts were used to stain tissues listed above at varying pH to establish staining interactions of the crude extracts and fractions eluted from the column chromatography. Results: The most significant staining interaction were observed in ethanol solution of bixa extract, followed by acetone and distilled water and staining were also observed at column fraction(9-26), with background yellowish appearance in all the staining solutions which was contrast to controls (haematoxylin and eosin) stained sections and no staining reaction was observed in blood smear of wistar rat. The staining interactions of great quality was observed at pH 5.0 and 7.5, despite its staining ability it was neither superior to eosin nor a substitute to giemsa stain due to the yellowish background appearance and its complete inactivity on blood smear. Conclusion: Bixa orellana dye extracts can be grouped under compound dyes or neutral dyes due to its interaction at both pH 5.0 and 7.5 and cannot be used as substitute for Giemsa stain.
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