Undoped and Dy-doped CdSe nanoparticles are synthesized and then characterized by the SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS and BET methods, which verify successful preparation of the doped catalyst. The sonocatalytic degradation of anazolene sodium as a model azo dye is higher than sonolysis process and the 2% Dy-doped CdSe with band gap of 1.42eV exhibits the greatest sonocatalytic performance. The decolorization efficiency (DE%) of sonocatalysis with 2% Dy-doped CdSe, undoped CdSe and sonolysis after 90min of the process is 91.32%, 56.13% and 39.14%, respectively. In addition, the sonocatalytic degradation of anazolene sodium increases with enhancement of the dopant, catalyst dosage, ultrasonic power, dissolved gasses and decreasing of initial anazolene sodium concentration. Furthermore, with addition of chloroform, sulfate, chloride and ethanol as the radical scavengers, the DE% decreases indicating the controlling mechanism of free radicals for the dye degradation. Besides, the results reveal the appropriate reusability of the catalyst and various degradation by-products are identified using the GC-MS technique. Eventually, the empirical kinetic model is expanded by nonlinear regression analysis for prediction of pseudo first-order constants in various operational conditions.
A satellite earth‐station is affected by added radio noise from the Sun when the Sun passes behind the satellite as seen from the earth‐station. In the following, an exact analysis of this solar transit is derived, and an approximate method is presented for practical cases. Moreover, networks of very small aperture satellite terminals (VSATs) operating at Ku‐band microwave frequencies of 12–14 GHz behave differently during the solar transit period than the more traditional C‐ or Ku‐band satellite networks; therefore analytical and experimental results for VSATs have been presented. An explanation is given, based on these analyses, of why solar transit outages are rarer in VSATs than in conventional satellite communications systems.
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