Background: Many women in Iran have a relatively high body mass index. To investigate whether the condition contributes to excess breast cancer cases, a case-control study was conducted to assess the relationships between anthropometric variables and breast cancer risk in Tehran, Iran.

Introduction Ultra-processed foods (UPF), a new classification proposed recently, comprise those foods prepared by the food, drink and associated industries, like soft drinks, snacks, etc, that intentionally are added salt, fat, sugar, preservatives and flavours and colours. They are usually energy-dense, and contain considerable quantities of added sugar, sodium, saturated or trans fats and little dietary fibre. Some of them are already associated with the increasing of the risk of obesity. Objective To estimate the ultra-processed foods consumption among Brazilian individuals. Methods A population-based survey that participated 273 adolescents, 436 adults and 385 elderly from São Paulo, Brazil, held in 2008. Dietary intake was collected by the one 24 h recall. It was calculated the caloric share of this group in relation to total energy intake. Further, it was verified the foods with the greatest caloric share. The analyses were stratified by age group, sex, income and educational level. Results The mean caloric share from UPF were 58% (SD 21%), 49% (SD 24%), and 42% (22%) for adolescents, adults and elderly, respectively (p<0.001). The highest educational level was associated with higher caloric share from UPF for all age group and sexes. There were no differences among quartiles of income. The overall UPF with the greatest caloric share were bread (22%), sandwiches and pizza (13%), soft drink (7%), biscuits (5%), and sausage (4.5%). Conclusion The UPF consumption represents a large percentage of total caloric intakes, mainly in adolescents. Objective To examine changes in prevalence and predictors of home smoking bans (HSB) among smokers in four European countries after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation. Methods Two waves (pre-and post-legislation) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys, prospective panel studies conducted in Ireland, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Of 6396 smokers interviewed before implementation of a national smoke-free policy, 4632 (72.5%) could be followed-up after the implementation and were included in the analyses. Multiple logistic regression models were computed in order to identify factors associated with the presence or adoption of HSB among smokers. Results Most smokers had at least partial smoking restrictions in their home, but the proportions varied significantly between countries. After implementation of national smoke-free legislation, the share of smokers with a total HSB increased significantly in all four countries. Multiple logistic regressions indicated that having a young child in the household and supporting smoking bans in bars were important predictors of banning smoking completely at home. Prospective predictors of imposing a HSB between survey waves were planning to quit smoking, supporting a full bar smoking ban, and the birth of a child. P1-249Conclusions The findings support that smoke-free legislation does not lead to more smoking in smokers' homes, which is further evidence against the claim of a displacement of sm...

Objective The correlation between happiness and health is well established. This study aimed to measure happiness and its correlates among a sample of young adults in Iran. As such a national cross sectional study was conducted and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was administered to measure happiness. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between happiness and independent variables. Results In all 14292 young adults (7702 female and 6590 male) were completed the questionnaire. The mean happiness score for the study sample was 4.09 (SD = 0.57) out of 6; indicative of a condition that is named as ‘rather happy; pretty happy’. The results obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis showed insignificant association between happiness, age, gender, and education whereas the association between happiness and income [OR for poor/very poor= 1.69, 95% CI: 1.51-1.90] and employment status [OR for unemployed = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.53-2.32] was significant. In addition separate analyses for men and women showed that income and employment still were significant for men but for women only income was significant.

Background: To describe the utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of war survivors receiving health care services and its determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out by systematic random sampling at national level (n = 3079) on healthcare utilization in war survivors on their last received services. A validated questionnaire was used to gather the information of inpatient and outpatient healthcare services and OOP payment. The data were analyzed to indicate the determinants of health utilization and expenses. Results: Health care utilization was reported in 91.6% (n = 2822). The majority (82.5%) received one or two services in their last visits, mostly related to physician visits and medications (65.97%). Health care utilization was higher than general population annually, especially in physician visit (6.6 versus 4.89), medication (5.1 versus 3.6), and hospitalization (0.78 versus 0.15). About 20.2% (n = 599) of the study population paid out of their pocket for their last medical care services. The frequency of OOP payment was greater for physician visit and medication. Payment for hospitalization, imaging, and lab tests were more significantly associated with proceeding to reimburse the expenses (P<0.001). The median OOP payment was US$10.8 (interquartile range US$20.6). Gender (P=0.003), area of residence (P=0.01) and being war victims (P=0.005) were the significant determinants for both OOP payments and reclaiming the expenditure. Higher amount of payments (P<0.001) and more received health services (P=0.002) were also important factors in reclaiming the expenditure. Conclusion: Both outpatient services and hospital admission are more frequent among war survivors compared to the general Iranian population. Future studies should attempt to explore the reasons.