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Due to the growing demand for video streaming services, providers have to deal with increasing resource requirements for increasingly heterogeneous environments. To mitigate this problem, many works have been proposed which aim to (i) improve cloud/edge caching efficiency, (ii) use computation power available in the cloud/edge for on-the-fly transcoding, and (iii) optimize the trade-off among various cost parameters, e.g., storage, computation, and bandwidth. In this paper, we propose LwTE, a novel Light-weight Transcoding approach at the Edge, in the context of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS). During the encoding process of a video segment at the origin side, computationally intense search processes are going on. The main idea of LwTE is to store the optimal results of these search processes as metadata for each video bitrate and reuse them at the edge servers to reduce the required time and computational resources for on-thefly transcoding. LwTE enables us to store only the highest bitrate plus corresponding metadata (of very small size) for unpopular video segments/bitrates. In this way, in addition to the significant reduction in bandwidth and storage consumption, the required time for on-the-fly transcoding of a requested segment is remarkably decreased by utilizing its corresponding metadata; unnecessary search processes are avoided. Popular video segments/bitrates are being stored. We investigate our approach for Video-on-Demand (VoD) streaming services by optimizing storage and computation (transcoding) costs at the edge servers and then compare it to conventional methods (store all bitrates, partial transcoding). The results indicate that our approach reduces the transcoding time by at least 80% and decreases the aforementioned costs by 12% to 70% compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.INDEX TERMS Video streaming, transcoding, video on demand, edge computing.

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Abstract- load balancing and call admission control). IMS network signaling happens through Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).An open issue is the control of overload that occurs when an SIP server lacks sufficient CPU and memory resources to process all messages. This paper proposes a virtual load balanced call admission controller (VLB-CAC) for the cloudhosted SIP servers. VLB-CAC determines the optimal "call admission rates" and "signaling paths" for admitted calls along with the optimal allocation of CPU and memory resources of the SIP servers. This optimal solution is derived through a new linear programming model. This model requires some critical information of SIP servers as input. Further, VLB-CAC is equipped with an autoscaler to overcome resource limitations. The proposed scheme is implemented in SAVI (Smart Applications on Virtual Infrastructure) which serves as a virtual testbed. An assessment of the numerical and experimental results demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed work.

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