We investigated the effects of grape pomace (GP) and vitamin E on the performance, antioxidant status, immune response, gut morphology and histopathological responses in broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to five dietary treatments (50 birds/treatment) in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were as follows: i) Control corn-soybean meal diet (C); ii) C + Vitamin E (200 mg/kg of α-tocopherol acetate); iii) The diet containing 5%GP; iv) The diet containing 7.5% GP; v) The diet containing 10% GP. No differences were found in performance of the experimental birds. Birds fed 7.5% GP showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GSH-Px) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at 42 days (d) of age in the control and 7.5% GP fed groups were lower than others. The primary IgM concentration of birds fed 10% GP was higher than the birds fed the control diet, the vitamin E supplemented diet or the diet containing 5% GP. The secondary titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased significantly in the birds fed 10% GP and the secondary IgG concentration of birds fed 10% GP was higher than the birds fed the control diet and the diets containing 5% or 7.5% GP. In duodenum part of small intestine, villus height/crypt depth ratio and muscularis thickness were decreased. The results of the present study suggest that the inclusion of up to 10% GP in diets did not adversely affect broiler chickens' performance and improved the antioxidant and immune responses of broiler chickens. ______________________________________________________________________________________
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a medical plant mixture and probiotic on performance, blood parameters, digestibility of some nutrients, and health status of suckling Holstein calves. Thirty newborn calves (1-10 days) with 42 ± 8 kg of average birth weight were used in a factorial arrangement (3 Â 2) with 6 treatments and 5 replicate. The treatments were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet þ2g probiotic per day, (3) control diet þ 1.5% medical plant, (4) control diet þ1.5% medical plant þ2g probiotic per day, (5) control diet þ 3% medical plant and (6) control diet þ3% medical plant þ2g probiotic per day. During first month, experimental factors have no effect on starter and hay intake, whereas total DMI was affected by herbal (H) effect in second month (p < .01). Calves fed on H1.5 diet had the highest starter and total DMI and calves fed on PH3 diet had the lowest value. Daily weight gain (DWG) was affected significantly by H (p < .01) whereas no effect from P was observed. Treatments had no significant effect on blood glucose, cholesterol and albumin content, whereas addition of H1.5 in starter feed increased beta-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) concentration in comparison to other groups (p < .05). In conclusion and based on better growth performance, it is recommended to feed H1.5 to milk suckling calves and feeding herbal additives with probiotic is not recommended. ARTICLE HISTORY
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sources of zinc (Zn) on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites. Twenty-four dairy cows were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of i) control diet (no zinc supplementation), ii) zinc oxide (ZnO), iii) zinc glycine (ZnGly), and iv) zinc nano (ZnN). The Zn sources were added to provide 60 mg of supplemental Zn per kg diet. There were no differences in dry matter intake, milk yield, bodyweight, and body condition score of the cows between treatments. Zinc supplementation in the form of ZnN and ZnGly decreased somatic cell count compared with the other treatments. The superoxide dismutase and plasma Zn concentrations in the cows provided ZnGly and ZnN were greater than those in the ZnO and control groups. No difference was detected between groups in biochemical and haematological parameters, except that blood urea nitrogen concentrations of cows supplemented with ZnGly and ZnN were less than for the ZnO supplemented and control cows. The results showed that nano and organic Zn sources in the diet of dairy cows were more suitable than inorganic Zn as supplements for dairy cows.
The objective of the present study is to examine the effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on reduction of methane (CH 4 ) production in dairy and beef cattle using meta-analytic methods. After compilation of relevant scientific publications available from the literature between 1990 and 2016, and applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, meta-analyses of data from dairy and beef cattle were applied for the pooled dataset or for each animal category (dairy or beef). The results of meta-analysis of all three datasets (all cattle, dairy cattle, or beef cattle) suggested that effect size of yeast either on daily CH 4 production or on CH 4 production per dry matter intake (CH 4 /DMI) was not significant. The results of Q test and I 2 statistic suggest that there is no heterogeneity between different studies on CH 4 production and CH 4 /DMI. The results of meta-analysis suggest that use of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as feed additive does not offer significant results in terms of reduction of CH 4 production in dairy and beef cattle. Further research on the effects of different doses of yeast, use of yeast products, different strains, and experimental designs is warranted to elucidate the effects of yeasts on methane production in the rumen.
An experiment with two dietary choline levels (recommended level or 75% of the recommended level) and three dietary garlic powders (0, 5 or 10 g/kg) was conducted on broiler chickens. Three hundred thirty mixed sex 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments, each housed in four replicate pens with 14 birds per pen. Dietary garlic increased the finisher phase's feed intake. Dietary 10 g/kg of garlic powder and recommended choline level improved body weight gain. Choline deficiency increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). The jejunum villi height was decreased in birds consuming the choline deficient diets; however, villi height was increased by garlic powder. In the duodenum and ileum, 10 g/kg diet garlic powder significantly increased crypt depth compared to those of the treatments with no garlic. This study showed that reducing dietary choline to 75% of the recommended level reduced the growth rate of broilers that could be compensated by dietary garlic. This effect was partly due to higher finisher phase feed intake.
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