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This study demonstrates the occurrence of camphor/bornyl acetate chemotype of T. parthenium in western regions of Iran. The finding showed also the studied oils have relatively good antibacterial activity without significant toxicity, thus have great potentiality to be used as natural health product.

BackgroundPetroleum pollution is a global disaster and there are several soil cleaning methods including bioremediation.MethodsIn a field study, fugal strains were isolated from oil-contaminated sites of Arak refinery (Iran) and their growth ability was checked in potato dextrose agar (PDA) media containing 0-10% v/v crude oil, the activity of three enzymes (Catalase, Peroxidase and Phenol Oxidase) was evaluated in the fungal colonies and bioremediation ability of the fungi was checked in the experimental pots containing 3 kg sterilized soil and different concentrations of petroleum (0-10% w/w).ResultsFour fungal strains, Acromonium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp., were selected as the most resistant ones. They were able to growth in the subjected concentrations and Alternaria sp. showed the highest growth ability in the petroleum containing media. The enzyme assay showed that the enzymatic activity was increased in the oil-contaminated media. Bioremediation results showed that the studied fungi were able to decrease petroleum pollution. The highest petroleum removing efficiency of Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp. and Acromonium sp. was evaluated in the 10%, 8%, 8% and 2% petroleum pollution respectively.ConclusionsFungi are important microorganisms in decreasing of petroleum pollution. They have bioremediation potency that is related to their enzymatic activities.

This study demonstrates the occurrence of β-farnesene/β-sesquiphellandrene chemotype of T. disciforme in western regions of Iran that are different from previous reports. The findings also showed that the essential oils T. disciforme have excellent antibacterial activities and thus have great potentiality to be used as a resource for natural health products.

A condensação direta de benzeno-1,2-diaminas (4-R-Ph-(NH 2 ) 2 , onde R = H, Me, Cl e NO 2 ) e 1,2-dicarbonil (R'-CO-CO-R', onde R' = Ph, 4-MeO-Ph e Me) foi realizada com excelentes rendimentos (95-100%) usando (NH 4 Cl-CH 3 OH) como sistema catalítico brando, eficiente, de boa relação custo-benefício, fácil obtenção, isento de ácido e de metal e ambientalmente amigável, a temperatura ambiente. O procedimento pode ser realizado para diversas quinoxalinas e a natureza do grupo funcional no anel aromático das 1,2-diaminas exerce uma forte influência no tempo e rendimento da reação. A eficiência da condensação pode ser regulada também pela quantidade de catalisador e tempo de reação.The direct condensation of various benzene-1,2-diamines [4-R-Ph-(NH 2 ) 2 , where R = H, Me, Cl and NO 2 ] and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds (R'-CO-CO-R', where R' = Ph, 4-MeO-Ph and Me) has been successfully achieved mostly in excellent yields (95-100%) using (NH 4 Cl-CH 3 OH) as a mild, efficient, cost-effective, readily available, acid-free, metal-free and eco-friendly catalyst system at room temperature. The procedure can be performed for a broad scope of quinoxalines, however, the nature of the functional group on the aromatic ring of 1,2-diamine exerts a strong influence on the time and the reaction yield. The condensation efficiency could be further regulated by the amount of catalyst and reaction time.