The viscosity of room temperature ionic liquid + molecular solvents is correlated using the Jouyban−Acree model, and the accuracy of the model is evaluated using average relative deviations (ARD) of the calculated and experimental values. The overall ARD of 6.9 % was obtained for the proposed model where the overall ARD for a similar model from the literature was 22.4 %. The mean difference between ARDs of the models was statistically significant. Combined forms of the Jouyban−Acree model and the Abraham parameters were used for predicting the viscosity of the mixtures at various temperatures. The overall ARD for the investigated mixtures was 15.0 % when the experimental viscosity of the pure solvents was included. The ARD of the in silico version of the model was 20.7 %. ■ INTRODUCTIONRoom temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a new class of solvents attracting considerable attention in the pharmaceutical/ chemical industries. RTILs are used in manufacturing nanomaterials, high temperature lubricants, excipients for new drug delivery systems, novel stationary phases for gas chromatographic systems, and extraction solvents for separation of analytes. Very low vapor pressure, multiple solvation interactions with organic and inorganic compounds, very good chemical and thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, and wide melting point temperature ranges are the main advantages of RTILs over common molecular solvents. In addition to the applications of RTILs, their mixtures with molecular solvents are used in the industry providing wider physicochemical properties. Viscosity data of the mixtures are required in some related computations and a number of attempts have been made to collect the experimental values of the viscosity and density of these mixtures.1−23 Despite these experimental efforts, a number of mathematical models were proposed to compute the properties. The aims of this work are to propose a mathematical model to fit the viscosity data of RTILs + solvent mixtures at various temperatures and also provide global versions of the model to predict the viscosity data.
Background: "Clinical reasoning" is the key skill in medical practice, and well beyond mere medical knowledge. However, regarding the current medical school curriculums, little attention has been paid to develop such skills. It might be the reason why diagnostic errors are still the major causes of the patients' harm. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching clinical reasoning skills (problem-based training in small groups) on improvement of the clinical performance of medical interns. Materials and Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted from September 2012 to September 2013. All of the interns entering the Pediatrics Department of Hamadan Medical Faculty (4 three-month courses) were enrolled. Courses were assigned alternately as intervention and control. Interns in the control group had conventional training but for intervention group, a clinical reasoning workshop was held in addition to the conventional education. To assess both groups, the Clinical Reasoning Problem (CRP) test was used as the pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed with t test and paired t test. Results: Out of 62 participants, 30 (48%) were in the control group and 32 (52%) in the case group. Two groups were similar in baseline characteristics such as age and sex (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the scores of the two groups' pretests (P > 0.05). The mean pretest and posttest scores of the control group had no significant difference (P > 0.05), but comparison of the mean pretest and posttest scores of case group represented significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions:Clinical reasoning workshop will probably have a positive impact on upgrading clinical problem-solving skills.
One of the most important, valuable and remarkable elments of Persian architecture is brick masonry arch. Structural behaviour of Persian brick masonry arches has not been studied in details. Any investigation into their characteristics can be beneficial for maintenance, retrofit, restoration and reconstruction of such arches. The effect of a brick arrangement in the fabric of arches, such as Roman and barrel arrangements, on structural behaviour of brick masonry arches has been a serious controversy among architects and structural engineers for many years. In this study, micro-modelling finite element technique has been used to analyse mid-pointed arches with two different brick arrangements, i.e. Roman and barrel arrangements, under static weight load using the finite element method. Analyses have been carried out and obtained results have been discussed to describe the effect of brick arrangement on structural behaviour of analysed arches with three different span lengths.
Background Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a congenital heart diseases (CHDs) with a spectrum of stenosis. Monochorionic (MC) twins are at increased risk of CHDs, especially acquired CHDs in twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). PS/Pulmonary atresia (PA) is a rare coincidence with TTTS. MC twin pregnancies have increased in last decades due to increasing in maternal age and extensive use of assisted reproductive technologies. Therefore, attention to this group is important for heart abnormalities, especially in twins with TTTS. Multiple cardiac abnormalities in MC twins with TTTS are to be expected due to cardiac hemodynamic changes and may be eliminated by Fetoscopic laser photocoagulation treatment. Prenatal diagnosis of PS is necessary given the importance of treatment after birth. Case presentation We here present a case of coexistence of TTTS with PS in a growth restricted recipient twin who successfully treated with balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in neonatal period. Also, we detected infundibular PS after valvuloplasty that treated with medical therapy (propranolol). Conclusions It is important to detect acquired cardiac abnormalities in MC twins with TTTS, and follow them up after birth to determine the need of intervention in neonatal period.
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