Natural disasters, man-made attacks, and cyber-attacks are some of the main hazards of power system which can interrupt the process of continuous power delivery to the end users. In this way, man-made attacks characteristics' are fundamentally different from other hazards due to its adaptive strategy that allows attackers to target the most vulnerable parts of the power system. By choosing appropriate time and place; attackers always have advantages over the defender to penetrate the system and launch malicious actions. Therefore, it is quite necessary to take into account the optimal policy for allocating resources in the defender's strategy. This research proposes a four-level Defence-Defence-Attack-Defence (DDAD) approach to improve the power system resilience against the intentional human attacks. A new defence level, a planning level, is added to the common three-level Defence-Attack-Defence (DAD) model in power system planning state in order to prevent cut off loads and voltage drop beyond standard with lower cost. In the proposed method, load priority is used to classify the vulnerable sections. The proposed model is performed on IEEE-30 bus test system and the results indicate the feasibility of the proposed method. As the results indicate, in proposed method less than 10% budget is needed compared with the previous method while all critical loads will be remained. Furthermore, the new method needs no security guard to protect transmission lines for 30 years.
Intentional islanding operation (IIO) is a feasible solution to improve the reliability of active distribution network (ADN) by supplying critical loads through the local DG when a fault occurs. Aiming at this goal, a new two-stage methodology is proposed to supply critical loads based on cost-effective improvement. In the first stage, the interruption cost is proposed as the load priority and the ON/OFF status of switches are considered as the binary decision variables. Therefore, IIO is considered as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to minimise the interruption cost. At the second stage, the power flow calculation is performed on the initial islands for the real-time operation. The proposed method can be utilised for both long-and short-term studies. In the long-term study, the inherent uncertainty of ADN is considered in MILP by using a Monte-Carlo simulation. This concept is used for clustering ADN into self-sufficient microgrids. Moreover, by taking a snapshot of the ADN status and performing operational feasibility, the proposed method can be considered as a real-time power regulation method. The proposed methodology is implemented on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network, and the results are discussed in detail. Q c max maximum reactive power generated by capacitor bank in kVAR Z q(m, m + 1) impedance of line q (m, m + 1)
This study proposes a new four-level model to enhance power system resilience against human attacks. The model considers human attacks, such as intelligent attackers and power system planners, as defenders. The attackers want to maximize the impacts of actions, while the defender tries to avoid imposed costs and damages due to budget limitations. To this end, a new four-level model defense-defense-attackdefense (DDAD) is proposed, in which a new defense layer is added to the common three-level model defenseattack-defense (DAD). Looking at the model more closely, new power plants and substations are added to the power system to improve its resilience, while the most important power plants and substations are determined. Subsequently, the conventional three-level model was applied. In this research, the defender and attacker have some strategies with their own costs for every power system component, such as power plants and substations, and their own interactions. The power system model includes the load, power plant and substation, and substation priority, which are defined as a combination of the value of the load and network topology. The proposed model was applied to the IEEE-30 bus test system, and the results indicated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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