The patch antenna multiple wireless applications recently indicate great prospects in the application of various areas of micro-engineering. The rapid development of wireless communication systems requires antenna researchers to develop miniature broadband antennas with communication systems with high radiation efficiency The paper relates to calculating the resonant frequency of a microstrip antenna, this article presents a low-profile, broadband microstrip printed circuit board (PCB) antenna with a double U-slot. Triple-Band resonant modes can be realized by precise slot placement on the board. Antenna performance is improved by installing a gap in the ground plane. The proposed antenna is made in the form of a rectangular patch. As a substrate, a widely used material is used – fib regals FR4 brand, in which, in the frequency range of interest to us, the relative permittivity εr = 4.3. The dimensions of the antenna are 30×40×0.8 mm, such an antenna is easily and simply powered using an unbalanced microstrip line with a wave impedance of 50 ohms.
Temperature transducers are frequently employed to keep track of process variables with different kinds of industrial controllers. One of the widely used temperature sensors is Pt100. A novel approach of utilizing an electroacoustic transducer in signal conditioning for Pt100 is proposed in this paper. A “signal conditioner” is a resonance tube filled with air, which is operated in a free resonance mode. The Pt100 wires are connected to one of the leads of the speaker in the resonance tube where the temperature changes, which is related to Pt100 resistance. The resistance affects the amplitude of the standing wave that is detected by an electrolyte microphone. An algorithm for measuring the amplitude of the speaker signal is described, as well as the building and functioning of the electroacoustic resonance tube signal conditioner. The microphone signal is acquired as a voltage using LabVIEW software. A virtual instrument (VI) developed under LabVIEW provides a measure of the voltage using standard VIs. The findings of the experiments reveal a link between the measured amplitude of the standing wave within the tube and the change in Pt100 resistance as the ambient temperature changes. Additionally, the suggested method may interface with any computer system when a sound card is added to it without the need for any extra measuring tools. The maximum nonlinearity error at full-scale deflection (FSD) is estimated at roughly 3.77%, and the experimental results and a regression model are used to assess the relative inaccuracy of the developed signal conditioner. When comparing the proposed approach with well-known approaches for Pt100 signal conditioning, the proposed one has several advantages such as its simplicity of connecting Pt100 to a personal computer directly via the sound card of any personal computer. In addition, there is no need for a reference resistance to perform a temperature measurement using such a signal conditioner.
The paper investigates the temporal variations of GPS irregularities at quasi-conjugate points in the polar region during the October-Novemebrr 2003 Halloween storm. The pseudorange and carrier phase observables obtained from dual frequency GPS receivers of Trimble 5700 at Scott Base Station in Antarctica and Ashtech Z-X113 at Resolute Bay in Nunavut, Arctic are employed in determination the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and scintillation parameters. The comparison of TEC and scintillation parameters at both stations show: dominant occurrence of positive storm phases over the nightside hemisphere, dominant occurrence of negative storm phases over the dayside hemisphere ,the periods of pronounced scintillation activity at both hemispheres were coincident with the TEC enhancement periods, the weak scintillation periods are coincident with the TEC depletion periods. The strong TEC enhancement during the sudden storm commencement of the geomagnetic storm was only seen over the nightside station, and finally obvious asymmetry in the ionospheric TEC and scintillation activity between summer and winter hemispheres was observed. The results over the polar were in good agreement with previous measurements made by other researchers over the subauraral and midlatitude regions
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