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Hybrid microgrid optimization, integration, and control are becoming increasingly important. Renewable energy source integrations are being used more often in shipping ports, as well as on short-distance cruises and ferries. Several seaports presently lack cold ironing services, which are shore-based power stations that provide electricity to ships from the main utility grids. Furthermore, diesel engines and diesel generator-based shipboards must be continuously running and on-line when docking to provide additional loads of ships due to the absence of cold-ironing services at many ports. In this research, we analytically presented the robustness of our proposed hierarchical control design for the hybrid shipboard Microgrid system containing multiple DGs and renewable energy resource (RES) integrations. The performance comparison of the conventional proportional integral (PI) vs. Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)-based control design is validated with simulation tests under different static and dynamical load conditions for both AC and DC types of loads. We further considered multi-DGs and RES integrations into our system to validate our design’s robustness against noise and unwanted faulty load conditions. The complete system stability analysis and designing of the control law are performed. Mathematical derivations and simulation results prove the robustness of the proposed hierarchical control architecture and compare the performance characteristics of two secondary controllers designed using a MATLAB/Simulink environment.

This study sets forth to find out the effectiveness and reasons behind the integration of bilingual text on the products sold in Pakistan. Based on Layder's (2005 theory of 'social domains' that demonstrates language and its contextual use can. The study finds out the effectiveness of immersion of bilingual text given on Pakistani products. This study is qualitative in nature as themes have been developed out of five Pakistani products. Thematic analysis has been used to supplement textual analysis. It was found that bilingual text reveals convenience in the process of communication, thus promoting their product in the large interest of the public in Pakistan. Future research works should analyze packages and digital ads to explore the narratology of bilingual texts.