This paper presents a response-based generating rejection scheme (GRS) based on an angular stability prediction logic to initiate the outage of accelerated generating units while saving the rest of generating units from the loss of synchronism. First trigonometric, polynomial, and hybrid models of rotor angle trajectory based on the reasonable assumptions are proofed. Then, by taking these models in the prediction step, through the maximum use of measured data based on defining the forecast horizon (FH) and data window with incremental length, the stability/instability of generating units is separately predicted. Next, the status of tripping signal based on a combinational logic of the output results of the angular stability prediction method is specified. In the developed logic, if at least two models of the three designated models yield the same response about the unit stability status, the trip signal is accordingly fired or blocked. The proposed method is examined on the one machine infinite bus and the WSCC standard test bed under different operation and fault scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate that beside simplicity, low computational burden, and very short processing time, the proposed combinatorial method outperforms the existing ones working with individual prediction models.
This paper focuses on a dynamic equilibrium considering the flexible ramp market and demand response resources. With ever-swelling installation of variable renewable energies, demand response programs can play an important role in mitigating the system ramping deficiency. Hence in this paper, the ramping capability of demand response resources in procuring system ramp requirement is considered. The strategic behavior of different players is modeled through a multi-leader-common-follower game, in which suppliers and demand response aggregators are laid as the leaders and market operator is considered as the single follower of the game. In addition, a dynamic forward rolling process to find equilibria at the real-time market is proposed. The effect of considering demand response resources and flexible ramp penalty price on the strategic behavior of players in equilibrium is evaluated. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified on a three-firm system. While revealing demand response resources roles in mitigating ramping deficiency, the results show that how penalty price on flexible ramp violation can lead uplift payments to be formed.
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