Introduction: In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) are at high risk due to using immunosuppressive drugs. Considering the lack of definitive cure for COVID-19, repurposing existing pharmaceuticals is a way to find an immediate medication. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the COVID-19 outcomes in KTRs, receiving combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir (SOF-DAC) treatment. Patients and Methods: This research was an observational study of 12 adult kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19, admitted to Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran (October to December 2020). All the patients received a once-daily combination pill of SOF-DAC at a dose of 400/60 mg for 10 days. Results: Around October to December 2020, 12 adult KTR patients were recruited; four patients (33.3%) died and eight patients survived (66.7%). Acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to COVID-19 was seen in 11 patients of the study population (91.7%), including four dead cases. Two of the three patients who underwent dialysis due to kidney complications, died. The laboratory results showed that the mean level of each parameter white blood cells (WBC), international normalized ratio (INR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer on the last day of hospital stay was significantly different between two groups of survived and dead patients at a 95% confidence level (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sofosbuvir combined with DAC for treatment of KTRs with COVID-19 infection reduced the mortality rate. Further, this medication was safe. Patients tolerated it well, and no serious adverse effects were observed. Larger studies are needed to validate these results.
Introduction: The most important side effect of addictive drugs is their interaction with the nervous system so that soon after taking the drug the neurons' connections in the nervous system are addicted to receiving the drugs frequently. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of memory reinforcement by cholinergic agonist and music on creating morphine dependency. Materials and Methods: In this research, 110 male mature rats weighing 30-35grams were enrolled as the control, witness and experiment groups. The experimental group included morphine, donepezil, morphine+donepezil, fast music, sedative music1, sedative music2, Morphine+ fast music, Morphine+ sedative music1 and Morphine+ sedative music2. Morphine was used to create dependency and donepezil was used as a memory reinforcement cholinergic factor. In order to estimate the level of dependency conditioned place preference (CPP) technique was used. Results: The results indicated a significant difference between the control and morphine groups (p<0.05); however, no significant difference was found among the control group and those of sham, donepezil and those treated with music in the place preference. Also, there was a significant difference between morphine group and the groups of morphine+donepezil, morphine+fast music, morphine+sedative music1 and morphine+ sedative music2 in the place preference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Perhaps, donepezil, fast music and sedative music1 lead to a reduction in Morphine-dependence CPP, and sedative music2 increases morphine-dependence CPP.
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