Background: Combined oral contraceptive is the most known and popular method of contraception. The combined oral contraceptive pill was the first oral contraceptive method and was commercially marketed in 1960. Earlier investigators reported that early oral contraceptive pills had many side effects. Despite the modifications on early OCPs in terms of content and dosage to lessen their side effects, newer contraceptives still have some hepatotoxic effects. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-dose OCP on S. bilirubin and ALP- one of the most important liver enzymes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 184 healthy women aged 20-45. Among them, 92 women were OCP users, and 92 were nonusers. BMI-matched non-OCP users women were recruited in the study for comparison of S. bilirubin and ALP. A systematic sampling technique was applied to select each respondent. Data collection was commenced after obtaining ethical clearance from the Ethical Committee and informed consent from the respondents. Results: The Results showed a significant decrease in serum Alkaline phosphatase among OCP users (p=0.001), but the ALP level was progressively increased with increased duration of OCP use. Serum bilirubin level was within the normal range, but the levels were slightly higher in OCP users but in. OCP users' serum bilirubin levels did not significantly increase with the duration of OCP use (P > 0.05). In summary, OCP users' women are associated with a decreased level of serum Alkaline phosphatase and a slightly increased level of serum bilirubin. Conclusion: So regular monitoring of S. bilirubin and ALP should be done among OCP users women to avoid many unwanted complications. TAJ 2022; 35: No-2: 133-141
Background: Carbapenem resistance is a major and ongoing public health problem globally and locally. It occurs mainly among Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Most of the carbapenemase-producing bacteria are multidrug resistant, including 3rd generation of cephalosporin and carbapenems. It may be intrinsic or mediated by transferable carbapenemase-encoding genes. This type of resistance gene is already widespread in certain parts of the world, mainly Europe, Asia, and South America. Objective: To isolate and identify WHO-declared carbapenemase-producing deadliest drug resistance bacteria with their antibiogram in the Rajshahi region. Materials Method: Cross sectional descriptive study was done from July 2017 to June 2018. Wound swab was collected in different surgical and burn units of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. The specimens were inoculated in blood agar, nutrient agar, and MacConkey's agar media and incubated aerobically at 370 C for 24 hours. Susceptibility tests of the bacterial isolates were done by using the modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar media. Carbapenemase-producing bacteria were identified by using the modified Hodge test. Results: Out of the total 250 samples, culture yielded growth in 213(85.2%) cases, and 37(14.8%) yielded no increase. Females were predominant 146(58.4%) in comparison to males 104(41.6%), with a male-female ratio of 1: 1.4. A maximum of 47.2% of cases were between 19-30 years old. Among the culture-positive isolates, gram-negative organisms were higher (58.8%) than gram-positive (41.2%). S. aureus was the predominant organism 71(30.8%), followed by P. aeruginosa 47(20.3%), E.coli 43(18.7%), and Acinetobacter baumannii 07 (3%). Among seven isolated Acinetobacter baumannii, 47 isolated P. aeruginosa, and 82 isolated Enterobacteriaceae: 6(85.7%), 33(70.2%), and 53(64.6%) were MDR; and 4(57.1%), 12(25.5%) and 14(17%) were carbapenemase-producers respectively. Conclusion: Most of the isolated carbapenemase-producing bacteria are multidrug resistant, and they tend to cause complicated infections. In addition, the expression of specific virulent factors, difficulty in diagnosis, and the non-availability of newer generation antibiotics make them one of the deadliest bacteria. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 91-98
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.