BackgroundChildbirth and puerperium are of the most important periods in women’s lives and can affect different aspects of their lives.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of perineal massage in the second stage of labor on perineal lacerations, episiotomy, and perineal pain in nulliparous women.MethodsThis randomization clinical trial was conducted at Be’sat Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran, from 2013 to 2014. A total of 195 nulliparous women were included in the study. The participants were selected through convenience sampling, and randomly assigned to two groups: intervention and control groups. The intervention group received 30-minute perineal massage during second stage of labor. Subsequently, we analyzed perineal laceration, episiotomy, and perineal pain among the two groups. All of them were taught about postpartum perineal pain and its severity, and the researcher followed them up 3 days, 10 days, and 3 months after childbirth by telephone. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. We used descriptive statistics and analytical statistics, including t test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s test.ResultsFrequency of episiotomy was 69.47% in the intervention group and 92.31% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The results revealed 23.16% of first-degree perineal laceration and 2.11% of second-degree perineal laceration in the intervention group, and no vestibular laceration or third- and fourth-degree lacerations in the intervention group. However, there were 5.13% of vestibular laceration, 7.69% of first-degree laceration, 2.56% of second-degree laceration, and 1.05% of third-degree laceration (one woman) in the control group. Based on the results, the postpartum perineal pain was significantly different in both groups.ConclusionRegarding the results of this study and those of other studies, perineal massage during the second stage of labor can reduce the need to episiotomy, perineal injuries, and perineal pain.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct.ID: IRCT2013090314556N1.FundingThis study received by financial support of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.

Choosing between a normal delivery and Caesarean section is a matter of critical importance for a pregnant woman. The third trimester is the time for her to think about methods of delivery. The study aims to gain insight into Kurdish pregnant women's birth preference and their perception of factors influencing this choice. In this qualitative study, 22 pregnant Kurdish women were interviewed during the third trimester of their pregnancies. The setting for the study included three public health-care centres of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in Sanandaj, a centre of the Kurdistan province at the western part of Iran. Study participants were recruited from maternity units of health-care centres. A purposive sample was used initially and then theoretical sampling was used towards the end of the data analysis. Sample size was not predetermined but was determined when interviewing reached saturation, that is, when no new data emerged about categories. The sample size was restricted to 22, as no new data were generated after the 20th interview. The criteria required for inclusion in the study were being Kurdish women, being in the third trimester of pregnancy, no physical disability, no history of Caesarean section and interest in the study. A qualitative design was chosen, as it is particularly suited to studying complex phenomena or processes that are less understood. This study revealed that of the 22 participants, 18 preferred vaginal delivery and only four preferred Caesarean section. The reasons for choosing the vaginal delivery method were grouped into four categories: safety of baby, fear, previous experience and social support. This finding does not support the rate of Caesarean section among Kurdish women in Sanandaj. It might reflect the effect of other factors such as social, institutional, professional and quality of care on women's choice for delivery method.

Background and aimPostpartum period is associated with significant changes in the quality of women’s lives. These changes can affect the health of both the mother and child. Given the importance of the postpartum period and the factors influencing quality of life after childbirth especially the method of childbirth, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life after childbirth and the childbirth method in nulliparous women referred to healthcare centers in Sanandaj, Iran.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, ten healthcare centers in Sanandaj, Iran from 2014-to 2015 were chosen using a cluster random sampling method. The samples consisted of 410 nulliparous women. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used for data collection in the third trimester of pregnancy. Those women with a score greater than 12 were excluded from this study. The quality of life in physical, psychological, social, environmental domains and the overall quality of life were measured and compared using the World Health Organization quality of life brief questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. We used descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and t-test for the analyses of outcomes.ResultsThe means of quality of life in the groups of vaginal and cesarean childbirth were 98.29±11.82 and 100.4±10.26, respectively, which had no statistically significant differences.ConclusionWomen with vaginal childbirth had the slightly higher quality of life scores than cesarean during 6 weeks after birth and later. Thus, providing more information to pregnant women to encourage them to use vaginal childbirth is suggested.

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