Background: Self-medication is on rise landing up in drug resistance. This study assessed the knowledge, practice and attitude of self-medication among both urban and rural adults of north Karnataka.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2020 to November 2020. A total of 200 adults were selected considering 100 each from urban and rural areas by convenient sampling technique. Random houses were visited and individuals meeting the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were interviewed after taking informed consent. All health care professionals were excluded from the study. A pre-tested questionnaire consisting of demographic information and questions related to knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication was used to collect the data.Results: Our study found that 37% and 70% of participants from rural and urban Dharwad respectively practiced self-medication. Majority of those who self-medicate were educated in both rural and urban areas. 5.5% and 11.5% of rural and urban residents respectively self-medicated with antibiotics. A significant proportion of those who self-medicated from both study areas were in managerial and above positions (21.6% from rural and 25.7% from urban Dharwad). Majority of them used painkillers for self-medication.Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication was high among urban residents compared to rural area. A significant association was found between self-medication practices and education, occupation and socio-economic status. Thus, knowledge must be increased among people regarding the dangers of self-medication and issues addressed to avoid it from happening by passing laws that avoid easy sale and availability of medicines.
Background: Approximately 10% to 15% of couples in developing countries are infertile. Male infertility is responsible for 20-43% of infertility cases and contributes to another 12-20% of cases. Azoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia are abnormal sperm parameters causing male infertility. Male infertility is often poorly responsive to primary treatment and often requires supportive secondary measures. The understanding of causes and modifiable risk factors for male infertility would enable their prevention and primary treatment. Aims and objectives of current study was to analyze the epidemiology and clinical factors of male infertility in Central India and identify its risk factors.Methods: 100 male patients attending outpatient for treatment of infertility were evaluated using a questionnaire. Semen samples were collected and spermatozoa were assessed according to WHO 2021 data for semen analysis. The results were tabulated and analyzed.Results: Amongst patients were semen abnormalities, the majority (34%) of patients had oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. All semen abnormalities were most common in the age group 35-45 years and in patients with 5-10 years duration of infertility. All semen abnormalities except azoospermia were most common in people with a monthly income of >2,000-5,000. The majority of the patients had a past history of urogenital tract infection, except oligoasthenospermic males in whom the majority had varicocele. All semen abnormalities were more common among businessmen and also more prevalent among smokers.Conclusions: Couples should be educated about infertility causes and the contribution of male infertility to it. Multifactorial analysis along with clinicopathological analysis should contribute to accurate diagnosis of the cause of male infertility and proposal of adequate measures.
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