Helminthic parasitic infection is grossly prevalent across the globe and is considered a significant factor in human cancer occurrence induced by biological agents. Although only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis viverrini) so far have been directly associated with carcinogenesis; there are evidence suggesting the involvement of other species too. Broadly, human helminthiasis can cause chronic inflammation, genetic instability, and host immune modulation by affecting inter- and intracellular communications, disruption of proliferation–anti-proliferation pathways, and stimulation of malignant stem cell progeny. These changes ultimately lead to tumor development through the secretion of soluble factors that interact with host cells. However, the detailed mechanisms by which helminths introduce and promote malignant transformation of host cells are still not clear. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of immune-pathogenesis of helminth parasites, which have been associated with carcinogenesis, and how these infections initiate carcinogenesis in the host.
<p><strong>Objective:</strong><strong>  </strong>To know the awareness of emergency contraception (EC) among our population.</p><p><strong>Patients and Methods:</strong><strong>  </strong>Women were asked about their age, education, socioeconomic condition and parity.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong><strong>  </strong>Total 400 women were interviewed in the cross – sectional survey. Out of these, only 193 had heard about EC and they were further asked about knowledge relating to EC utilization. 132 (68.39%) answered incorrectly about emergency contraception. While only 31 (16%) women had knowledge of its correct utilization. Only 19 (9.84%) women knew that OCPS can be used as EC while 151 (78.23%) answered incorrectly that it can be used on regular basis. Out of 193 women, 53 (27.46%) women practiced EC while 140 (72.53%) had never used EC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong>  </strong>Our study showed limited knowledge of women concerning EC. Media should be used to disseminate the awareness of women about safety, use</p><p>and effectiveness of EC. Also it is responsibility of health care providers that they should give information of EC to every sexually active woman visiting their clinics.</p>
Superparamagnetic
iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have become
benchmark materials for their large magnetic saturation and excellent
T2 contrast. Despite the large magnetic saturation that
arises due to the enormous iron content, incorporating a fluorescent
nature for their use as multimodal probes drastically reduces the
magnetic saturation. To achieve the desired magnetic saturation in
fluorescence-decorated SPIONs, the size is increased substantially
to hundreds of nanometers. Here, we rationally design fluorescent
SPIONs of size ∼16 nm with significant magnetic saturation
and high single-particle photon counts used for optical-based super-resolution
microscopy. The SPIONs were highly specific to stain and image the
lysosomes of HeLa cells with high contrast and were capable of providing
super-resolution radial fluctuation (SRRF) imaging of lysosomes down
to 130 nm, which is much lower than the diffraction limit in light
microscopy.
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