a b s t r a c tOil refinery process releases toxic pollutants into aqueous environment. Phenol and its derivations as the most important pollutants pose severe environmental concern. In this study, the rectangle anaerobic stabilization pond (ASP) consisting of feed tank with workload of 60 Lit (1 × 0.2 × 1) meter of phenol was used. This study evaluated the interactive effect of phenol concentration (200-400 mg/l), temperature (8-24°C) and Hydraulic retention time of (HRT) (2-5 d) on the efficiency of anaerobic stabilization pond for oil refinery wastewater treatment. In this study, experiments were carried out based on central composite design (CCD) and analyzed and modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) aimed at demonstrating the operating variables and also the interactive effect of three independent variables on 7 responses. The maximum removal efficiency of SCOD, TCOD, SBOD and TBOD were 66.26, 68.95, 65.3 and 67.02%, respectively, at phenol concentration of 200 mg/L, HRT of 2 d, and temperature of 24°C. Generally, the ratio of N/P varied between 6.69-9.12 and 7.04-12.93, respectively, in influent and effluent of anaerobic stabilization pond. The maximum phenol removal efficiency reached 70.53% and 81.63% at phenol concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature of 24°C with HRT (2 and 5 d), respectively. The phenol removal efficiency was significantly influenced by increasing the temperature compared to decreasing the phenol concentration. The result indicated that the anaerobic stabilization pond was a capable biological treatment process that could achieve the moderate removal of oil refinery wastewater.

Pesticides along with with their degradation products spread throughout the environment and contaminate the water, leading to a consequent potential risk to humans and also the environment. The study aims to determinene the residual pesticides (organophosphorus, pyrethroids ), herbicides, and fungicides in the water resources (wells, deep wells, springs, spring-heads, and flumes) of Kermanshah Province, Iran. Water samples were taken from 50 stations from April to June 2016, and analyses were performed using gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry techniques. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. One of the most important points of this study is the fact that all water resources were safe except for deep wells. Total concentration of organophosphorus was 2.2 ppb. The mean concentration of pyrethroids in Islamabad Gharb and Songhor was 0.574 and 2.235 ppb, respectively. Organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides total concentration was more than the European standard. The contamination range of difenoconazole fungicide was 0.024 ppb (Gilan Gharb) and 1.089 ppb (Kermanshah). Glyphosate herbicide was only seen in Islamabad Gharb (0.011 ppb). The mean concentration of all pesticides in the investigated wells was more than the European standard. Estimating pesticide concentration is important for preserving aquatic ecosystems and human health.

IntroductionMany women in fertile period of their lives experience some mental and physical symptoms that begin on 7–10 days before menses and cease after bleeding. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) are the terms to indicate these symptoms. The prevalence of PMS has been estimated to be about40% to70%, PMDD has lower prevalence.ObjectiveThis study has evaluated the frequencies of PMS and PMDD along with related factors in students of girls’ high schools in Kermanshah.MethodsIn this descriptive-analytic study, 800 students of girls’ high schools were chosen by incidentally and clustery sampling. Everyone who was volunteer included in the study. Excluding criteria were: history of depression; medical illnesses like epilepsy, meningitis, encephalitis, heart diseases…; history of consumption of β-blockers or other drugs of heart diseases, Phenobarbitals, and anticonvulsants. The diagnosis was made according to DSM.IV.TR. The data was processed using SPSS software, version 11.5, and by descriptive and analytic statistical methods.Results1.The frequencies of PMS and PMDD were 41.5% and 9.4% respectively.2.The disorder was more frequent in students older than 16 years-old.3.Mood symptoms were the most frequent, followed by physical and behavioral symptoms respectively.4.There was lower frequency of the disorder in students whose mothers were high educated.5.The frequency of PMS was higher in those with positive family history.ConclusionThe high frequencies of PMS and PMDD which result to problems in education of students need serious considerations to elevate mental health of students and to refer the severe cases to specialized centers.

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