Objectives Vaccinations protect against disease through various ways, but the process of developing immunity might result in side effects. This study determined the immediate side effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination among patients with diabetes and non-diabetic participants. Methods This multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The duration of the study was six months, from March 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022. A total of 1150 participants who received one of the COVID-19 vaccines, for instance, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Sinovac, and Pfizer (double or booster doses) were included in the study and allocated into two groups: diabetics (n=540) and non-diabetics (n=610). The chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of side effects between diabetic and non-diabetic participants. The association between means of demographic variables such as age and weight was compared using an independent t-test. Results The study findings showed that the mean age of the group with diabetes was 46.73±14.98 years and that of the non-diabetic group was 44.01±14.80 years with a significant difference between them (p=0.002). The majority of participants, 187 (34.6%) patients with diabetes received Pfizer, while 234 (38.4%) non-diabetic participants received Sinovac. Following the first dose, side effects were higher in patients with diabetes. Burning at the injection site, fever, and pain were the most commonly reported side effects in patients with diabetes following the first dose. Additionally, following the second dose, burning at the injection site, muscular pain, fever, and pain were the most commonly observed side effects, with a significant association among diabetic and non-diabetic participants (p<0.001). Conclusion Diabetes is a prevalent comorbidity in individuals infected with COVID-19, and patients with diabetes report more side effects from immunization than non-diabetic participants. The most commonly reported side effects of the vaccine in diabetic participants were observed to be burning at the injection site, fever, muscle and joint pain, and swelling at the injection site. Additionally, participants with and without diabetes reported feeling satisfied with their vaccines.
Forty one year old female known case of Kleine-Levin Syndrome, admitted for elective total abdominal hysterectomy. There is no literature describing the anaesthesia technique in these patients, we tried to avoid all known factors which could trigger the disease so we used central neuraxial anesthesia in the form of combined spinal-epidural block. Procedure was done successfully without any complication and patient remained pain free postoperatively.
The phenomenon of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is witnessed across the globe. Like other countries, this issue is also prominently highlighted by media in Pakistan. However Pakistani media in general covering this brutal act, add sensationalism and drama to it with the objective of glorifying the whole incident. With this in view, this study tends to focus on the impact of TV news coverage of CSA and the attitude of women towards the issue. The objectives of the study are to find out the role of television news coverage of CSA incidents in creating awareness and its impact on the perception of the women regarding the area under study. The sample size of the study was 200 women (housewives) residing in Lahore. For studying the TV news coverage and its impact survey method was used for data collection. The theoretical framework of the study was Cultivation Theory. The results of the study revealed that the TV news coverage of CSA played its vital role in order to create awareness among women about this issue. The findings also indicated that there was a strong positive relationship between the two variables i.e., TV news coverage of CSA and awareness among women. The study determined that TV news coverage of CSA was a major medium of increased fear or insecurity to some extent among women since a weak positive relationship between the two variables was observed.
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