Cosmetics have been used by humans since the start of human civilization. Initially, it was typically consisting of natural products but to get prompt results, heavy metals were frequently added to cosmetics to accelerate the affects. Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) are detected in various cosmetic products; most frequently in color cosmetics, hair cosmetics, face-body care products and beauty cosmetic products. These metals are included in toxic metals. The application of cosmetics to different body parts leads to the absorption of metals through the stratum corneum into the blood, accumulate or replace essential elements of different biomolecules which triggers the unfavorable mechanism. Reported data shows that in some common cosmetic products toxic metals are being used greater than permissible limit. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and World Health Organization (WHO) have established the highest permissible limit of exposure for heavy metals in different cosmetic products. However, commonly in developing world no care is taken for permissible limit set by FDA and WHO and to obey cosmetic production legislations which resulted in fatal health consequences. Thus, in this review article we are focusing on the permissible limits, hazardous effects of the toxic metals and mechanisms associated with the hazardous effects related to heavy metals found in cosmetics. Owing to the growing usage of cosmetics it is necessary to explore the possible sources and routs of metals toxicity to fix the hazardous effects related to heavy metals found in cosmetics.
Background: Health policy makers often use data describing prevalence, morbidity and mortality to assess the burden, requirements of resources and quality of the health service. The aim of this study is to recognize the patterns and treatment outcomes of diseases in a medicine unit of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi.Objective: To assess the pattern and treatment outcomes of illnesses presenting in a medicine department of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi in period of three months.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken from 1st March to 31st May of 2019, when all the patients admitted in Medical Unit were approached for consent to participate in the study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire-based interview of respondents. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 23. Results: A total of 579 participants were enrolled into the study, out of which 374 (64.6%) were male and 205 (35.4%) were female with mean age 52.23. Majority of participants were admitted via emergency (92.23%). The most prevalent illnesses were chronic renal disease, asthma, decompensated chronic liver disease and stroke; with hypertension being the commonest co-morbid condition (6.2%). Of those admitted to the facility, 53.5% patients after treatment according to advice and 22.5% left the hospital against medical advice. Mortality rate was 23.8%.Conclusion: Patients with a wide variety of diseases were admitted to the medical unit mainly through emergency.1 in 5 patients admitted in acute medical unit suffered mortality.
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