Social knowledge is more dynamic than natural science. A full recognition of this character is the precondition for upholding the validity of statements in social knowledge. In order to maintain the validity of such statements and to avoid the metamorphosis of social knowledge into other theoretical constructs, this paper, based on referring to the ideal type of social knowledge, aims to describe and explain three processes whereby social knowledge is metamorphosed into theoretical dogmatism, theoretical alienation, and theoretical slavery.
This paper reviews and evaluates three salient interpretations of religious democracy among contemporary Iranian political thinkers. Based on their theoretical frameworks, these interpretations have been: 1) Precedence of religion over democracy, 2) Precedence of democracy over religion; 3) Equal importance of religion and democracy. The description of each interpretation is firstly based on original texts and then their content has been evaluated using logical axioms and objective facts. The main finding of this paper clarifies that the third interpretation, despite some theoretical challenges, has more logical capacity and is more consistent in comparison with the two other competing interpretations.
Income inequality among various forms of inequality, these days has attracted the serious attention of policymakers, rulers and thinkers. Each of these three groups has tried to identify the causes of occurrence and continuity through their views and, of course, provide solutions to mitigate it. The beginning of the third millennium was accompanied by an intensification of income inequalities within countries, so that the efforts of the international community, which had previously been able to reduce poverty and absolute hunger in the framework of documents such as the Millennium Development Goals, to reduce it, so far has failed to alleviate it. Identifying the causes of the emergence and perpetuation of income inequality in different economies is very significant at a time when the threats posed by income inequality are estimated in important documents such as the Global Threat Report as significant as terrorism. The subject of this article is to examine the textual, institutional and global causes of the continuing income inequality in India, which has recorded a remarkable economic growth rate these days. In India, a set of factors including the roots of social system deficiencies, economic growth, globalization and its tools such as privatization and trade liberalization are among the main causes of continuing inequality in Indian society today, which seems to be a continuous process due to the priority of economic growth against the reduction of income inequality for different governments in this country.
This essay seeks to present the ontological perspectives of Margaret Archer and Andrew Sayer on social reality. Archer and Sayer represent two key sociologists who have taken advantage of philosophical school of critical realism for explaning the social world. Methodology is based on descriptive-analytical method. Archer introduces two notions of morphogenesis (dynamic aspect of society) and morphostasis (stability and continuation of society) and offers a new type of theoretical conflation relying on morphogenesis. Accordingly, she propounds some differences between culture, structure and action and this distinguishes her efforts from the ideas of other conflationary theoreticians, especially Anthony Giddens. Besides paying attention to the existing complexities in the nature of social reality, Sayer struggles to introduce a specific model with which one can come up with a new formulation of the process of knowledge of social reality. Sayer believes that his model provides a clearer ontology of social realities. Sayer’s thought is based on the dialectical relation between the researcher (subject), research topic (object) and other researchers who work in a common linguistic community and this dialectic is among the mechanisms that give rise to the complexities of the social world.
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