Source routing (SR) minimum cost forwarding (MCF)-SRMCF-is a reactive, energy-efficient routing protocol proposed to improve the existent MCF methods utilized in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSN). This paper presents an analytical analysis with experimental support that demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protocol. SRMCF stems from SR concepts and MCF methods exploited in ad hoc WSNs, where all unicast communications (between sensor nodes and the base station, or vice versa) use minimum cost paths. The protocol utilized in the present work was updated and now also handles link and node failures. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the final protocol exhibits better throughput and energy consumption than MCF. Memory requirements for the routing table in the base station are also analyzed. Experimental results in a real scenario were obtained for implementations of both protocols, MCF and SRMCF, deployed in a small network of TelosB motes. Results show that SRMCF presents a 33% higher throughput and 24% less energy consumption than MCF. Extensive
A multifunctional router IC to be included in the nodes of a wearable body sensor network is described and evaluated. The router targets different application scenarios, especially those including tens of sensors, embedded into textile materials and with high data-rate communication demands. The router IC supports two different functionality sets, one for sensor nodes and another for the base node, both based on the same circuit module. The nodes are connected to each other by means of woven thick conductive yarns forming a mesh topology with the base node at the center. From the standpoint of the network, each sensor node is a four port router capable of handling packets from destination nodes to the base node, with sufficient redundant paths. The adopted hybrid circuit and packet switching scheme significantly improve network performance in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput and power consumption. The IC also implements a highly precise, sub-microsecond one-way time synchronization protocol which is used for time stamping the acquired data. The communication module was implemented in a 4-metal, 0.35 µm CMOS technology. The maximum data rate of the system is 35 Mbps while supporting up to 250 sensors, which exceeds current BAN applications scenarios.
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