IntroductionCosmetics means any products which are used for the human body by means of rubbing, sprinkling, or by similar application for cleaning, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, altering the appearance of the human body, and for maintaining health of the skin and hair.1 They are becoming of more importance in daily life and are one of the most growing markets in the world especially in developing countries like Iran. The global cosmetic market was 460 billion USD in 2014, which is about 0.5 % of gross domestic product (GDP) and is estimated to reach 675 billion USD in 2020 by growing at a rate of 6.4%. 2,3 According to the statistics from Iran central bank, average annual expenditure on cosmetics in Iran has been estimated to be around 1.9 % of the total household expenditure which has been located in the seventh position in the world. 4 Based on growing trends of cosmetics' consumption, it is necessary to identify the key success factors (KSF) of these products in the markets. In order to specify these factors, at first, lots of information should be gathered from the population. Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) analysis is a representative study of a population to collect information on what is known, believe and done in relation to the specific topic. It tells us what people know about certain things, how they feel, behave and allow the program to be tailored more appropriately to the needs of the community. 5 A B S T R A C TBackground: Cosmetic products are one of the most important fields of consumer market. Strategic marketing plan and creating competitive advantages through recognizing of key success factors has become as a main core competency of active firms in this area. Based on this, the aim of our study was to identify the key success factors of cosmetic products' marketing in the Iran's market. Methods: To do this, knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of consumers in Iran were evaluated and key success factors were identified based on the mix marketing theory. Deep interviews and closed-ended questionnaires were used to collect data. The randomized sample population of this study was 1200 people. Results of KAP analysis were classified in seven clusters and then Topsis technique was used to analysis each cluster. Results: Results showed that there are a significant relationship between attitude and practice and also between knowledge and practice because of tvalues greater than 1.96 and path coefficient greater than 0.1. Moreover, the results indicated that the most and the least important factors for success of cosmetics' marketing are place (distribution and dispensing) and price, with sorted Cli of 0.9 and 0.1 respectively. Conclusion: It demonstrates that appropriate sales and distribution strategies, scientific and enough information and strong marketing at the point of purchase are the most important key success factors in the marketing of cosmetics, and price has a minimum drawing effect on cosmetics' marketing.
The aim of this investigation was to compare ethosomal carriers containing clonazepam as an anti epileptic agent with classic liposomes and hydro alcoholic solutions for transdermal drug delivery. Clonazepam loaded ethosomes were prepared and then the vesicular shape and surface morphology, vesicular size, entrapment efficiency, stability, in vitro rat skin permeation in a non-occlusive condition were evaluated. Results indicated that the formulation which contains 3% phospholipid and 40% ethanol had the greatest entrapment efficiency (65.7%) with the nanometric size of 173±10 nm. This formulation was selected for further study. The stability profile of the prepared system was assessed for 120 days; it revealed very low aggregation and growth in vesicular size. Clonazepam loaded ethosomal carriers also provided an enhanced transdermal flux of 5.66 μg/cm 2 /h. These results suggested that ethosomes are an effective carrier for dermal and transdermal delivery of clonazepam.
Introduction. As the first approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) treatment, riluzole is known as a glutamatergic neurotransmission inhibitor administrated in 50 mg tablets twice daily. For this reason, a generic product of riluzole has been developed at a lower price by Hogar-Daroo, Iran, which would benefit patients.Aim. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of riluzole in human plasma samples and its application in the bioequivalence study of riluzole tablet.Materials and methods. The chromatography was performed by using a C18 column (100 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 mm), 0.1 % formic acid and acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.90 ml/min in the gradient program. Carbamazepine was used as an internal standard (IS). The method employed only 100 µL of human plasma for quantification by a liquid-liquid extraction technique. The multiple reaction monitoring modes (MRM) was used for quantification of ion transitions m/z 235.0/165.9 and m/z 137.6/110.0 for riluzole and the m/z 236.9/194.0 for the IS. Dwell time was set at 200 ms.Results and discussion. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.5–300 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was obtained at 0.5 ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy ranged from 93.21 % to 101.34 % and 91.77 % to 104.88 % respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision values ranged from 2.19 % to 5.69 % and 1.67 % to 5.31 % respectively, all within the FDA acceptable ±15 %.Conclusion. The validated method was applied in Iranian healthy subjects under fasting condition with a 50 mg riluzole tablet successfully.
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