Spherical TiO 2 particles (60 nm) were obtained by using a Triton X-100. The surfactant was employed in two stages, i.e., in the hydrolysis of TiCl 4 and then in the precipitation of the corresponding Ti (IV) polymers. The advantages of such spherical TiO 2 particles were examined in terms of photovoltaic characteristics of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) using Orange IV dye as sensitizer. Significantly higher overall solar energy conversion efficiency was obtained for a DSSC using the film of these spherical TiO 2 particles, compared with that of a cell using a TiO 2 film prepared without surfactant.
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